Steenhuisen refutes claims of government profiting from FMD vaccines

Source: Government of South Africa

Steenhuisen refutes claims of government profiting from FMD vaccines

Agriculture Minister John Steenhuisen has dismissed claims that government is “making a profit” from Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccines, saying that the State is procuring and administering the vaccines at no cost to farmers.

“No farmer is paying for these vaccines, and government is certainly not selling them,” Steenhuisen said.

The Minister confirmed that the South African Government will cover the full cost of vaccinating the national herd as part of the country’s response to recent FMD outbreaks.

“This means there will be no cost to farmers for vaccines administered as part of the national response to the FMD outbreaks,” he said.

In a statement on Thursday, Steenhuisen said vaccines have already been distributed to all provinces, with the national vaccination programme well underway.

READ | Minister launches mass FMD vaccination campaign

According to the department, hundreds of thousands of animals are being vaccinated each week, as the country works towards a target of vaccinating 80% of the national herd by December.

South Africa has so far received one million vaccine doses from Biogénesis Bagó in Argentina and 1.5 million doses from Dollvet in Türkiye, with additional consignments expected to arrive in the coming weeks to sustain the vaccination campaign.

Steenhuisen commended the veterinary professionals and industry partners assisting with the rollout, saying that their efforts are critical to protecting the country’s livestock sector and stabilising the agricultural economy.

“We would like to thank the State and private veterinarians, who are on the frontline of the vaccination campaign, as well as industry organisations, particularly the Milk Producers’ Organisation (MPO), for their cooperation and support in helping to protect South Africa’s livestock sector,” he said.

As FMD remains a serious threat to the agricultural economy, the Minister called on stakeholders to exercise caution regarding misinformation circulating on social media and other platforms.

“FMD is everyone’s responsibility. It is critical that farmers and stakeholders verify information before sharing it. Misinformation during a biosecurity crisis can cause real damage to the sector,” he said.

Vaccine costs

The Minister also moved to set the record straight on vaccine costs.

This follows recent rumours spread by a certain agriculture lobby group, which has attempted to misrepresent the cost of the Dollvet vaccines being procured by government.

Steenhuisen said these claims focus on R45, which is the single quoted bulk supply price per dose, without recognising the broader logistical and operational requirements involved in a national vaccination programme of this scale.

According to the Minister, most agricultural organisations understand and appreciate this reality.

“The price that has been circulated publicly relates to the supplier’s bulk delivery price to an approved cold-storage facility in South Africa. In other words, it reflects the cost of producing the vaccine and transporting it internationally under cold-chain conditions to a designated facility within the country.

“However, the R45 price does not represent the full cost of getting a vaccine from that point into the national veterinary system and ultimately to farms across South Africa – a reality that would be no different if, as claimed, ‘private companies’ were responsible for importing and distributing it,” the Minister explained

Once vaccines arrive in the country, he said, they must still be received, quality-checked, stored under strict temperature control, managed through national inventory systems, and distributed through a network of provincial depots and veterinary teams.

“This includes maintaining the cold-chain, managing secure storage facilities, handling inventory management, and coordinating distribution to vaccination teams operating across multiple provinces.

“These are essential components of any large-scale animal health intervention. Without them, vaccines cannot be delivered safely or remain effective when they reach livestock in the field,” the Minister said.

He said government’s procurement cost reflects the full operational process required to move vaccines through the national veterinary distribution system, ensuring that doses are delivered safely and reliably to veterinarians administering the vaccination campaign.

The Minister also assured that government has enough resources to fund the vaccination programme.

“…The Department of Agriculture has allocated funding specifically for the procurement of vaccines and will continue to ensure that sufficient doses are available to sustain the vaccination campaign,” the Minister assured. – SAnews.gov.za

GabiK

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Anti-corruption forum launched to safeguard South Africa’s water sector

Source: Government of South Africa

Anti-corruption forum launched to safeguard South Africa’s water sector

The Special Investigating Unit (SIU) and the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) have launched the Water Sector Anti-Corruption Forum (WSACF) aimed at strengthening the fight against corruption and safeguarding the country’s water resources.

The establishment of the forum follows findings from 16 SIU proclamations related to the DWS. Of these, nine investigations have been completed, while seven remain active, highlighting what authorities say is an urgent need for a coordinated anti-corruption response in water management.

The WSACF is anchored on Pillar Six of the National Anti-Corruption Strategy (NACS), which focuses on protecting vulnerable sectors and strengthening integrity systems. Through a risk-based approach, the forum will support investigations, prevention, and enforcement measures designed to protect South Africa’s water resources from corruption and mismanagement.

The initiative also aligns with the goals of the National Development Plan (NDP) 2030, which prioritises water security and sustainable development, as well as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of clean water and sanitation for all.

The forum aligns with what the NACS terms as a whole-of-society approach, which seeks to enhance and mobilise the inclusive participation of the public sector, private sector, civil society and academia to prevent and combat corruption.

Key objectives 

The WSACF will focus on several key objectives, including supporting anti-corruption initiatives in the water sector, foster collaboration among stakeholders to combat corruption effectively, coordinate law enforcement efforts to enhance investigative capacity, and enhance investigative capacity.

It also aims to deliver tangible outcomes, including prosecutions, civil recoveries, and administrative actions against wrongdoing, while implementing preventative measures to mitigate fraud and corruption risks.

In addition, the forum seeks to promote accountability within anti-corruption agencies through multi-stakeholder oversight.

Coalition of stakeholders

The forum brings together a broad coalition of stakeholders, including law enforcement agencies, Chapter 9 institutions, civil society organisations, private sector representatives, government departments, and municipalities.

Other stakeholders include regulators, organised labour, traditional and religious leaders, and environmental and water conservation groups.

The SIU and DWS said this collaborative model strengthens accountability, closes gaps, and implements measurable and actionable prevention plans.

Importantly, the forum will also hold anti-corruption agencies accountable, ensuring transparency and effectiveness in their operations.

Building on existing anti-corruption efforts

The WSACF builds on the success of several sector-specific anti-corruption fora in recent years.

These include the Health Sector Anti-Corruption Forum, launched in October 2019; the Infrastructure and Built Environment Anti-Corruption Forum, launched in May 2021; the Local Government Anti-Corruption Forum, launched in September 2022, and the Border Management and Immigration Anti-Corruption Forum, launched in March 2025.

Acting Head of the SIU and chairperson of the WSACF, Leonard Lekgetho, said the forum comes at a critical time, as parts of the country continue to face water shortages.

“Water affects every living being, making it imperative for us to make fighting corruption in the sector a collective effort. The launch of the Water Sector Anti-Corruption Forum is a decisive step in protecting one of our nation’s most precious resources. Water is life, and corruption in this sector threatens not only service delivery but also the dignity and well-being of our people,” Lekgetho said.

He said the initiative sends a strong message that corruption in the water sector will not be tolerated.

“Through this forum, we are sending a clear message: corruption will not be tolerated, and those who undermine the integrity of our water systems will face the full might of the law.”

Water and Sanitation Minister Pemmy Majodina emphasised the importance of being proactive and strengthening anti-corruption efforts in the water sector.

“When corruption infiltrates the water sector, it does not simply distort procurement processes or inflate invoices. It dries up taps, delays infrastructure, contaminates rivers and erodes public trust.

“In a water-scarce country such as South Africa, corruption is not a victimless crime. It is a direct assault on human dignity and development. Every rand lost to corruption is a rand not spent on fixing leaks, expanding supply schemes, or protecting our freshwater ecosystems,” Majodina said. – SAnews.gov.za

GabiK

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Minister of State for International Cooperation Receives Phone Call from Canadian Secretary of State for International Development

Source: Government of Qatar

Doha, March 5, 2026

HE Minister of State for International Cooperation Maryam bint Ali bin Nasser Al Misnad received Thursday a phone call from HE Secretary of State for International Development of Canada Randeep Sarai.

During the call, they discussed the developments of the military escalation in the region and its serious repercussions on security and stability regionally and internationally, and ways to resolve all disputes through peaceful means, and discussed enhancing cooperation in the humanitarian and development fields in the Gaza Strip.

HE the Minister of State for International Cooperation stressed during the call the need for an immediate halt to any escalatory actions, a return to the table of dialogue, prioritizing the language of reason and wisdom, and working to contain the tension in a way that preserves the security of the region.

For his part, HE the Canadian Minister of State for International Development expressed his country’s solidarity with the State of Qatar, stressing the importance of prioritizing diplomatic and peaceful solutions over military solutions.

Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Receives Phone Call from Brazilian Foreign Minister

Source: Government of Qatar

Doha, March 5, 2026

HE Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al-Thani received Thursday a phone call from HE Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Federative Republic of Brazil Mauro Vieira.

During the call, the two sides discussed developments related to the military escalation in the region and its serious repercussions on regional and international security and stability, as well as ways to resolve all disputes through peaceful means.

During the call, HE the Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs stressed that the Iranian attack on Qatari territory constitutes a blatant violation of the country’s sovereignty and is inconsistent with the principles of good neighborliness, adding that it cannot be accepted under any justification or pretext. In this context, His Excellency noted that Qatar has consistently sought to distance itself from regional conflicts and has worked to facilitate dialogue between the Iranian side and the international community. However, he added that the renewed targeting of its territory does not reflect good faith and jeopardizes the foundations of the understandings upon which bilateral relations between the two countries are based.

His Excellency also stressed the need for an immediate cessation to any escalatory actions, a return to the negotiating table, and the prioritization of reason and wisdom, while working to contain the crisis in a manner that preserves the security of the region.

For his part, HE the Brazilian foreign minister expressed his country’s concern over the developments in the region, calling for de-escalation, the exercise of restraint, and a return to negotiations and diplomatic means to avoid further instability.

Qatar Sends Fourth Identical Letter to UN, Security Council Regarding Latest Developments of Iranian Attack on its Territories

Source: Government of Qatar

New York, March 5, 2026

The State of Qatar has sent a fourth identical letter to HE Secretary-General of the United Nations Antonio Guterres, and HE Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations and President of the Security Council for the month of March Michael Waltz, regarding the latest developments of the Iranian attack on its territories.

This attack constitutes a blatant violation of its national sovereignty, a direct infringement upon its security and territorial integrity, and an unacceptable escalation that threatens the security and stability of the region.
The letter was sent by HE Permanent Representative of the State of Qatar to the United Nations Sheikha Alya Ahmed bin Saif Al-Thani.

The letter noted the continued attacks targeting Qatari territories, explaining that “the Ministry of Defense of the State of Qatar announced on Wednesday, March 4, 2026, that the State of Qatar was attacked at dawn on Wednesday by (10) drones and two cruise missiles from the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Qatari Amiri Air Defense Forces successfully intercepted (6) drones, while the Qatari Amiri Air Force successfully intercepted two drones and two cruise missiles, and the Qatari Amiri Naval Forces successfully intercepted the remaining two drones.

In addition, the State of Qatar was attacked on Tuesday by two ballistic missiles from the Islamic Republic of Iran. The air defense systems successfully intercepted one of the missiles, while the second missile targeted the Qatari Al Udeid Air Base without causing any casualties.”

The letter explained that, as a result of these attacks, QatarEnergy announced on Wednesday, March 4, 2026, that it had notified affected purchasing customers of a force majeure declaration. This followed its announcement on Monday of a halt in liquefied natural gas (LNG) and related product production due to a military attack on its operational facilities in Ras Laffan Industrial City and Mesaieed Industrial City, and its subsequent announcement on Tuesday of a halt in production of certain chemical, petrochemical, and downstream products, including urea, polymers, methanol, and aluminum.

The letter added that on Tuesday, as part of ongoing efforts to protect the security and stability of the State of Qatar, the competent authorities were able to arrest two cells operating on behalf of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps in the State of Qatar.

Careful monitoring and follow-up operations led to the arrest of ten suspects. Seven of them had been assigned espionage tasks to collect information on the country’s vital and military facilities, while three others had been tasked with carrying out acts of sabotage and had received training in the use of drones. Authorities also found in their possession locations and coordinates of sensitive facilities and sites, as well as communication tools and technical devices.

The letter stated that the accused confessed during the investigations to their affiliation with the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps and their assignment to carry out espionage and sabotage missions.

The letter continued, stating that all damages and losses resulting from the attacks will be assessed by the relevant authorities, adding that it will keep them informed of developments.

In this context, the State of Qatar reiterated its strong condemnation of this attack and affirmed its full right to respond in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations and in a manner commensurate with the nature of the aggression, in defense of its sovereignty and to safeguard its security and national interests.

The State of Qatar called for circulating this communication as an official Security Council document.

Minister of State for International Cooperation Receives Phone Call from French Minister Delegate for Francophonie

Source: Government of Qatar

Doha, March 5, 2026

HE Minister of State for International Cooperation Maryam bint Ali bin Nasser Al Misnad received Thursday a phone call from HE Minister Delegate to the Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs, responsible for Francophonie, International Partnerships, and French Citizens Abroad of the French Republic, Eleonore Caroit.

During the call, they discussed the developments of the military escalation in the region and its serious repercussions on security and stability regionally and internationally, and ways to resolve all disputes through peaceful means.

HE the Minister of State for International Cooperation affirmed during the call that the Iranian attack on Qatari territory constitutes a flagrant violation of its sovereignty and is inconsistent with the principles of good neighborliness, and cannot be accepted under any justification or pretext.

She noted in this context that the State of Qatar has always been keen to distance itself from regional conflicts and has sought to facilitate dialogue between the Iranian side and the international community. However, she added that the renewed targeting of its territory does not reflect good faith and jeopardizes the foundations of the understandings upon which bilateral relations between the two countries are based.

Her Excellency also stressed the need for an immediate halt to any escalatory actions, a return to the table of dialogue, prioritizing the language of reason and wisdom, and working to contain the crisis in a way that preserves the security of the region.

For her part, HE the Minister Delegate to the Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs of the French Republic expressed her country’s condemnation of the Iranian attack on Qatari territory, considering it a flagrant violation of the sovereignty and airspace of the State of Qatar and of international law and the Charter of the United Nations, affirming in this regard France’s solidarity with Qatar.

African Development Bank Group (AfDB) Unveils Africa-Wide Aviation Financing Platform to Turn Growth into Sustainable Profit

Source: APO


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With Africa poised to become the world’s fastest-growing aviation market, policymakers and industry leaders are focused on a central challenge: how to translate rising demand into sustainable connectivity, competitiveness, and financial viability.

This question anchored deliberations at the two-day Airlines, Capital and Connectivity Forum convened in Nairobi on 25–26 February 2026 by the African Development Bank Group in partnership with the African Airlines Association (AFRAA).

Despite strong demand fundamentals, Africa’s aviation sector continues to face structural constraints, including high costs of capital, fragmented regulatory regimes, infrastructure gaps, and limited access to long-term financing. To address these challenges, the Bank is advancing the Integrated Aviation Transformation Program (IATP), a continent-wide platform designed to modernise the aviation ecosystem and mobilise private, institutional, and concessional capital at scale. The programme seeks to align policy reform, innovative financing instruments, and project execution within a single, bankable framework.

The Forum brought together airline executives, transport ministers, regulators, investors, manufacturers, and development partners to explore how the IATP can accelerate coordinated delivery across the sector. Participants underscored aviation’s role as a strategic enabler of regional integration, trade facilitation, tourism, and economic diversification.

Opening the Forum, the Bank’s Director for Infrastructure and Urban Development, Mike Salawou, noted that while Africa’s aviation demand outlook ranks among the strongest globally, supply-side capacity and investment readiness have lagged. The IATP, he said, seeks to de-risk priority investments, support early pilot transactions, and restore confidence among commercial and institutional financiers.

From the industry’s perspective, AFRAA Secretary General Abderahmane Berthé highlighted the scale of the opportunity and the imbalance confronting the continent. “Africa represents nearly 18 percent of the global population but accounts for less than three percent of worldwide air traffic, reflecting structural and regulatory barriers rather than weak demand,” he said.

Remarks delivered on behalf of Kenya Airways described Africa as the largest structural aviation opportunity of the 21st century. Over the next two decades, one in four new global air travellers is expected to originate from Africa, driven by rapid urbanisation, a growing middle-income population, and a youthful demographic profile.

However, the industry’s financial performance remains constrained. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), African airlines are projected to generate net margins of only 1–2 percent, below the global average forecast of 3.9 percent in 2026. High fuel costs, heavy taxation, incomplete liberalisation and limited hub infrastructure continue to undermine profitability.

Connectivity remains a critical bottleneck. Intra-African traffic accounts for only about a quarter of total air travel, with many passengers required to transit outside the continent. Participants emphasised that full implementation of the Single African Air Transport Market is essential to unlock efficient intra-continental connectivity.

A keynote address delivered by Eric Ntagengerwa, Head of Transport and Mobility at the African Union Commission (AUC) on behalf of Lerato Dorothy Mataboge, Commissioner for Infrastructure and Energy, framed aviation reform as an imperative for sovereignty, integration, and competitiveness. He observed that the Single African Air Transport Market is the designated African Union Theme for the Year 2027.

Discussions over two days focused on practical delivery, including strengthening airline bankability, advancing climate-aligned aviation, developing cargo and logistics, building skills, and deploying innovative risk-sharing mechanisms under the IATP. Country experiences from Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia illustrated how continental objectives can translate into coordinated national reforms and near-term investment opportunities.

Samuel Obafemi Bajomo, Senior Adviser to Nigeria’s aviation ministry, emphasised that forward-looking, pro-investment policy frameworks are critical to strengthening connectivity and unlocking Africa’s growth potential and positioning aviation as a catalyst for trade, tourism, and shared prosperity.

The Forum concluded with a clear message: Africa’s aviation demand is real, accelerating, and irreversible. The priority now is execution—aligning policy, capital and infrastructure to ensure aviation becomes a durable driver of inclusive growth and regional integration across the continent.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of African Development Bank Group (AfDB).

Click here (https://apo-opa.co/3Ph0R1s) for more photos

Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Receives Phone Call from Moldovan FM

Source: Government of Qatar

Doha, March 05, 2026

HE Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al-Thani received a phone call on Thursday from HE Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Moldova, Mihai Popsoi.

The two officials discussed the recent military escalation in the region and its serious implications for regional and international security, as well as ways to resolve disputes through peaceful means.
During the call, HE Sheikh Mohammed described the Iranian attack on Qatari territory as a blatant violation of the State of Qatar’s sovereignty. He stressed that such actions are incompatible with the principles of good neighborliness and cannot be justified under any pretext.

He added that Qatar has consistently sought to remain outside regional conflicts and facilitate dialogue between Iran and the international community, but repeated attacks on its territory undermine the foundations of bilateral relations.

HE the Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs also called for an immediate end to escalatory actions, a return to dialogue, and the prioritization of reason and diplomacy to contain the crisis and safeguard regional security.

HE Popsoi said Moldova was closely following developments in the region and urged all parties to exercise restraint and return to diplomatic negotiations to avoid further instability. 

GCR affirms African Export-Import Bank’s international scale ratings of A and A2

Source: APO – Report:

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African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) (www.Afreximbank.com) welcomes GCR Ratings’ (“GCR”) latest Rating (https://apo-opa.co/40g6Vd1) action on the Bank, affirming the Bank’s international scale long and short-term issuer ratings of A and A2 respectively. The outlook was revised to “Stable” from “Rating Watch Evolving”.

GCR has also affirmed the international scale long term programme rating on the USD 5 billion Global Medium Term Note (GMTN) Programme of A.

The improved rating reflects GCR’s assessment of a “robust counter-cyclical mandate, underpinned by a strong track record and ongoing preferential creditor treatment (PCT) from shareholders.” South Africa became the latest country to affirm the Bank’s Establishment Treaty and Preferred Creditor Status when it recently signed the Instrument of Accession (https://apo-opa.co/4rdBtqK) to become a full sovereign member of the Bank. The report continued: “The Bank’s solid capitalisation and diversified funding profile provide significant buffers against emerging credit risks.”  The report also acknowledged the Bank’s diverse shareholding base.

The outlook change from “Rating Watch Evolving” to “Stable”, according to GCR, indicates that there is immaterial downside risk related to sovereign debt restructurings.

Commenting on the Rating action, Mr. Chandi Mwenebungu, Managing Director and Group Treasurer, Treasury and Markets at Afreximbank said: “We are delighted that GCR has affirmed its credit rating on the Bank and resolved the outlook to ‘stable’, particularly in the light of recent positive credit developments. We continue to assert that the Bank’s preferred creditor treatment is enshrined in the Bank’s Establishment Agreement, ratified by all member states. It is not a matter of opinion or convention; it is fact.

Mr Mwenebungu continued, “It is also pleasing to note that GCR acknowledges the Afreximbank’s strong liquidity and capitalisation, and resilient risk profile.  This is testament to the Bank’s financial and operational strength and that it has been able to demonstrate firm resolve in the face of continued macro-economic pressures and a challenging environment.”

Afreximbank’s risk management framework was independently assessed in 2025 and registered as complying with international standard ISO 31000:2018 (https://apo-opa.co/4le6xpd), which demonstrates the Bank’s commitment to maintaining best practices in support of  its mandate as the Continent’s leading Trade Finance Institution. The registration, issued by Certification Partner Global (CPG), follows rigorous independent assessments of Afreximbank’s enterprise risk management framework by external auditors, with zero non-conformities.

– on behalf of Afreximbank.

Media Contact:
Vincent Musumba
Communications and Events Manager (Media Relations)
Email: press@afreximbank.com

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About Afreximbank:
African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) is a Pan-African multilateral financial institution mandated to finance and promote intra- and extra-African trade. For over 30 years, the Bank has been deploying innovative structures to deliver financing solutions that support the transformation of the structure of Africa’s trade, accelerating industrialisation and intra-regional trade, thereby boosting economic expansion in Africa. A stalwart supporter of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA), Afreximbank has launched a Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS) that was adopted by the African Union (AU) as the payment and settlement platform to underpin the implementation of the AfCFTA. Working with the AfCFTA Secretariat and the AU, the Bank has set up a US$10 billion Adjustment Fund to support countries effectively participating in the AfCFTA. At the end of December 2024, Afreximbank’s total assets and contingencies stood at over US$40.1 billion, and its shareholder funds amounted to US$7.2 billion. Afreximbank has investment grade ratings assigned by GCR (international scale) at “Stable”, Moody’s (Baa2), China Chengxin International Credit Rating Co., Ltd (CCXI) (AAA), and Japan Credit Rating Agency (JCR) (A-). Afreximbank has evolved into a group entity comprising the Bank, its equity impact fund subsidiary called the Fund for Export Development Africa (FEDA), and its insurance management subsidiary, AfrexInsure (together, “the Group”). The Bank is headquartered in Cairo, Egypt.

For more information, visit: www.Afreximbank.com

Sophie Oluwole, the trailblazing Nigerian woman who redefined philosophy

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Christophe Premat, Professor, Canadian and Cultural Studies, Stockholm University

Sophie Oluwole (1935-2018) was a Nigerian scholar and the first woman to earn a PhD in philosophy in her country. She not only placed Nigeria’s rich Yoruba philosophical tradition on the intellectual map, she also helped redefine African philosophy, a field dominated by men.

As a scholar of cultural studies with a focus on francophone and west Africa, I recently co-authored, in French, a book called African Intellectual Sensitivities: From Western Discourse to African Voices (1988-2022). One of its chapters is devoted to Oluwole and African women intellectuals.

She did much more than break gender barriers. By placing Nigeria’s Yoruba thought in dialogue with the famed western philosophers like Socrates, she challenged the assumption that African philosophy was merely folklore. To her it was a rigorous intellectual tradition.

Who gets to think?

For centuries, western philosophy presented itself as the universal measure of reason. Beginning with German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831), influential strands of western philosophy described Africa as “outside history”.

The continent was said to lack philosophy because it lacked a written tradition comparable to ancient Greece’s. Rational thought, many argued, needed text.

It was against this assumption that Oluwole built her work. She did not simply ask for African thinkers to be added to reading lists. She questioned the criteria used to define philosophy. In the process, she challenged a long-standing intellectual hierarchy.

A philosopher between worlds

Born in 1935 in what is today Ondo State, Sophie Bosede Olayemi Oluwole came of age during the final decades of British rule and the intense debates that would culminate in independence in 1960.

Like many girls of her generation, she initially trained as a teacher. But her intellectual curiosity pushed her further. She enrolled to study philosophy at the University of Ibadan, then the country’s premier university. It was an unusual choice for a Nigerian woman in the 1960s. She earned her PhD there in 1984.

Pursuing a doctoral degree took persistence in an academic culture overwhelmingly dominated by men. Her path reflects both the new educational opportunities after independence and the structural barriers women still faced in higher education.

Her intellectual career unfolded from the 1970s through the early 2000s, while Nigerian universities were wrestling with their post-independence identity. After 1960, several institutions sought to Africanise curricula and leadership. Yet philosophy departments often remained anchored in European traditions.

Oluwole herself was Yoruba, one of the largest ethnic and language groups in west Africa. The Yoruba were concentrated mainly in south-western Nigeria but also present in Benin and Togo.

Yoruba thinking is structured around a cosmology linking the visible and invisible worlds, ancestors and descendants, individual destiny and communal responsibility. Knowledge is not separated from ethics or spirituality; wisdom is understood as practical guidance for living well within a web of relationships.

She focused on the corpus of Ifá, a vast body of oral literature linked to ethics, cosmology and reflection on human destiny. At its centre stands Òrúnmìlà, a figure associated with wisdom and knowledge.

Oluwole discusses the meaning of Yoruba carving. Screengrab/YouTube/Juul vaan der Laan

For Oluwole, Òrúnmìlà was not just a religious figure. He functioned as a philosopher – a teacher of critical inquiry and moral reasoning whose insights were preserved through disciplined oral storytelling.

She drew comparisons between him and the Greek philosopher Socrates. Socrates left no written work of his own. His ideas were transmitted through dialogue and memory. Why, then, should the spoken word disqualify an African thinker from being recognised as philosophical?

The problem, she insisted, was not Africa’s lack of philosophy. It was the narrow definition of philosophy inherited from Europe – one that privileged written texts and dismissed oral traditions as pre-philosophical. By questioning that definition, Oluwole was not only defending Yoruba thought. She was expanding philosophy itself.

The politics of the spoken

At the centre of Oluwole’s work was a simple but disruptive question: must philosophy be written to exist? In her book Philosophy and Oral Tradition (1997), she argued that African oral texts – including myths, proverbs and Ifá verses – contain structured reasoning and critical reflection, and therefore meet the criteria of philosophical thought. Texts are preserved, cited and institutionalised.

She exposed the colonial logic behind this hierarchy. During the 1800s and early 1900s, European scholars often portrayed Africa as a continent of myth rather than reason.

The absence of classical written texts was interpreted as intellectual absence. But storytelling does not prevent intellectual reasoning. Writing does not automatically produce critical thought. By analysing Ifá verses, Oluwole showed that they contain ethical reasoning, reflection on causality (cause and effect) and debate about human responsibility.

Her work entered into dialogue with broader debates in African philosophy. Thinkers like Benin’s Paulin Hountondji criticised the idea that African philosophy was only a collective worldview. They argued for critical and argumentative traditions. Oluwole demonstrated that such critical reasoning could also be embedded in oral forms.

A trailblazing woman

Oluwole’s work cannot be separated from her position as a woman. Philosophy remains one of the most male-dominated disciplines worldwide.

But Oluwole faced a double challenge. She was a woman in philosophy. She was also an African philosopher confronting Eurocentric standards.

She would become an increasingly public figure, making many TV appearances and speaking engagements, always spurring debate.

Why she matters today

The questions Sophie Oluwole raised remain pressing.

As calls to decolonise knowledge grow, universities around the world are rethinking what they teach. Yet change often focuses on adding authors to the syllabus. The deeper issue concerns the criteria used to define knowledge.

Oluwole’s work invites a more structural reflection. If philosophy is defined too narrowly, inclusion will remain limited. The definition of philosophy itself must be examined.


Read more: Achille Mbembe on how to restore the humanity stolen by racism


Her argument also speaks beyond Africa. Many indigenous knowledge systems continue to be marginalised because they are transmitted orally or embedded in ritual and narrative. They are treated as cultural heritage rather than intellectual production.

By defending the philosophical depth of Yoruba thought, Oluwole challenged this hierarchy. She showed that philosophy is not the property of one civilisation. It is a human practice shaped by different media and histories.

– Sophie Oluwole, the trailblazing Nigerian woman who redefined philosophy
– https://theconversation.com/sophie-oluwole-the-trailblazing-nigerian-woman-who-redefined-philosophy-277382