The Republic of Congo officially confirms its intention to accede to United Nations (UN) Water Convention

Source: APO


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The Republic of Congo has officially reaffirmed its desire to accede to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, better known as the ‘United Nations Water Convention’. The announcement was made during a national workshop held on 26–27 November 2025 in Brazzaville, coupled with the inaugural session of the Water Advisory Council. The event was co-hosted by the Ministry of Energy and Hydraulics, the Secretariat of the UN Water Convention and the UN System in Congo. 

Strengthening water governance in Congo 

The inaugural session of the Water Advisory Council was marked by the adoption of the Brazzaville Declaration, in which the Council committed to supporting Congo’s accession to the Water Convention. The Council is a multisectoral body responsible for guiding, coordinating and supporting actions in the field of water in Congo. By supporting this inaugural session, the Convention Secretariat is contributing to strengthening the country’s institutional capacities, enabling Congo to benefit from concrete support as of now. 

The Republic of Congo has significant water potential, notably thanks to the Congo River, its tributaries and its groundwater resources. The Congo Basin is the second largest freshwater reservoir in the world. Despite these assets, inequalities in access to water persist, while urbanisation, population growth and the effects of climate change are increasing pressure on the resource. Integrated and sustainable management is therefore more necessary than ever. 

Cross-border cooperation: an essential lever 

In this context, cooperation between riparian states appears to be an indispensable tool for addressing common challenges. The Congo is already involved in regional water cooperation frameworks, such as the International Congo-Oubangui-Sangha Commission. 

Accession to the Water Convention will enable the Congo to consolidate existing cooperation, in particular by facilitating the establishment of more robust and harmonised regional legal frameworks. 

Speaking at the national workshop, the Minister of Energy and Hydraulics, Mr Émile Ouosso, said: “By acceding to the Convention, the Republic of Congo reaffirms its commitment to cooperate at the international level and to anticipate the risks associated with conflicts of use and the effects of climate change on water resources. ” 

Involved in the work of the Convention since 2020, Congo will, by becoming a Party, continue to benefit from technical support from the community of Parties and the Secretariat. This cooperation will promote, in particular, the adaptation of shared basins to climate change, the fight against pollution and better use of the practical tools developed under the Convention. 

Furthermore, the Convention provides a solid basis – recognised by international financial institutions – for mobilising funding and reducing the risks associated with investments in water infrastructure. 

The Secretary of the Convention, Ms Sonja Koeppel, said ”Accession to the Convention can provide support from the community of Parties, enable the sharing of experiences with basins and countries around the world, facilitate access to financing and raise the country’s profile internationally.” 

The high-level opening session was also attended by the Ambassadors of the European Union and France, as well as the UN Resident Coordinator in Congo. All partners reiterated their support for Congo’s accession to and implementation of the Convention. 

Growing global commitment 

The Congo’s forthcoming accession is part of a growing international political interest in transboundary water cooperation. The 2026 United Nations Water Conference, co-chaired by Senegal and the United Arab Emirates, will be a major opportunity to advance these issues, particularly in the context of the interactive dialogue dedicated to “water for cooperation .” 

Since the Convention was opened for global accession, 16 States have acceded to it, including 13 African countries. Among the States bordering the Congo River, Cameroon is already a Party, while the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic are in the process of acceding.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

Return of Cultural Heritage and Property to Their Countries of Origin: the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) Ministers Adopt a Joint Action Plan

Source: APO


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On the eve of the West African Arts and Culture Festival (ECOFEST), the Commissions of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) convened a meeting of ministers responsible for culture from both organizations’ Member States on Sunday, November 30, 2025.

In her opening remarks, Prof. Fatou Sow SARR, ECOWAS Commissioner for Human Development and Social Affairs, underscored that West Africa’s cultural heritage is not only a living testament to its history but also a fundamental pillar of regional identity and a vital source of pride.

It is therefore essential that, wherever cultural property belonging to our States may be found, we undertake coordinated, sustained, and consistent efforts to secure its return and reinforce the regional heritage that binds us,” she stated.

Mr. Mamadù Serifo JAQUITE, UEMOA Commissioner for Human Development, called on the ministers to embrace their historic responsibility by adopting an ambitious and pragmatic action plan. Such a plan, he emphasized, would enable countries of the region to present a united front in international fora and accelerate the restitution of heritage to their peoples.

In his welcome address, Senegal’s Minister responsible for Culture, the Crafts sector, and Tourism, Mr. Amadou Ba, expressed appreciation for the presence in Dakar of ministers and senior officials from West African countries attending the meeting and ECOFEST. “You are welcome in Senegal, the land of Teranga—not only as political leaders, but above all as members of the same large family, that of West Africa, united by deep historical, linguistic, and cultural ties,” he declared.

He further affirmed that reclaiming the cultural and historical heritage of West African peoples is part of a broader struggle to recover their collective soul and sovereignty—a just cause that requires a coherent action plan and a comprehensive, collective, and coordinated strategy.

During the meeting, ministers examined and endorsed the recommendations put forward by experts who had convened earlier to discuss key issues, including the implementation of the ECOWAS Action Plan (2027-2031); the progress and challenges faced by member states in securing restitution and return of cultural property; and the status of national cultural policies and institutions responsible for heritage protection and the cultural and creative industries.

The ministers also emphasized the importance of strengthening cooperation with international organizations, development partners, civil society, and cultural networks to advance the region’s cultural agenda.

As a reminder, the ECOWAS Regional Action Plan follows the Political Declaration adopted by Heads of State and Government at the 54th Ordinary Summit held in December 2018 in Abuja, Nigeria, on the return of African cultural property to their countries of origin. The ECOWAS Cultural Policy serves as a key instrument to promote cultural diversity and foster sustainable socio-economic development and regional integration through support for cultural and creative industries.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

State Minister for Foreign Affairs Receives Copies of Credentials of Greek and Georgian Ambassadors

Source: Government of Qatar

Doha, December 01, 2025

HE Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Sultan bin Saad Al Muraikhi, on Monday, received copies of the credentials of two newly appointed ambassadors to the State of Qatar.
His Excellency received the documents from HE Christos Kapodistrias, the new Ambassador of the Hellenic Republic; and HE Varlam Avaliani, the new Ambassador of Georgia.
HE Al Muraikhi wished both diplomats success in their duties and affirmed Qatar’s readiness to provide all necessary support to help strengthen bilateral relations with their respective countries across various fields.

Women in Unity urge Government to pass legislation to prevent gender-based violence

Source: APO


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Women and girls in Unity State are urging the Government to pass long-pending legislation to prevent and respond to gender-based violence, stressing the need to shield them from harmful practices such as early and forced marriage.

The call was made during a three-day women’s forum in Bentiu, organized by the United Nations Mission in South Sudan and State Ministry of Gender as part of the global 16 Days of Activism campaign, which brought together 80 participants, including women leaders, traditional chiefs, youth, and senior government officials.

“Among the challenges facing girls in South Sudan are many cases of early and forced marriages,” said women’s representative, Nyataba Gatluak Dor. “A strong law would help prevent these harmful practices and convince communities that gender-based violence must stop.”

Unity State’s Gender Advisor, Stephen Liah Kuach, stressed the government’s commitment to tackling the concerns raised at the forum.

“The Anti-Gender-Based-Violence Bill must be passed into law,” he said. “Women and girls in this country need to have equal rights, and this law will ensure that no one breaches these rights.”

Among the many topics debated at the forum was the importance of protecting women’s property rights.

“Some families still seize a husband’s belongings after his death, leaving their widow vulnerable. Both State and national governments need to work together urgently to enact legislation to protect their rights,” said women’s union representative, Mary Nyakun Diu.

“We need a law to stop the humiliation of women in this country. You cannot protect vulnerable women without regulations and rules.”

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS).

Eritrea: President Isaias returns home

Source: APO


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President Isaias Afwerki returned home yesterday afternoon, concluding a two-day working visit to Sudan on the invitation of General Abdel Fattah Al-Burhan, Chairman of Sudan’s Sovereign Council.

During his visit, President Isaias held extensive meetings with General Abdel Fattah Al-Burhan, Prime Minister Dr. Kamal Idris, the Governor of the Darfur Region, Mr. Minni Arko Minnawi, and other senior officials. The discussions focused on strengthening bilateral relations, the overall situation in Sudan and possible pathways for resolving the current crisis, as well as regional and global issues of interest to the two countries.

President Isaias Afwerki reiterated that the objective of the visit was to reaffirm Eritrea’s firm and principled stance on, and support for, the unity and sovereignty of Sudan, and to stand alongside the Sudanese people and Sudan’s Sovereign Council who are shouldering the responsibility of ensuring the unity and territorial integrity of the country.

General Al-Burhan, for his part, paid tribute to Eritrea’s position, which is anchored in the historic ties between the two peoples, and affirmed that he will exert vigorous efforts to consolidate these ties for the benefit of both nations.

Upon arriving in Port Sudan by road travel, President Isaias was accorded a warm official and public welcome.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Ministry of Information, Eritrea.

Seychelles: President Announces High-Level Appointments to Strengthen Government Delivery

Source: APO


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President Dr. Patrick Herminie, in line with his administration’s commitment to effective governance, strengthened leadership, and improved service delivery for the Seychellois people, has announced a series of high-level appointments at the levels of Special Advisors, Secretaries of State, and Principal Secretaries.

These appointments are critical to ensuring that Government is positioned to deliver on its national priorities with greater coordination, accountability, and measurable results for citizens. All new appointments will take effect on 1st December 2025.

Appointments of new Chief Executive Officers will be made during the month of December 2025.

OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

  • Ms. Jennifer Vel – Chief of Staff, Presidential Affairs and Economic Advisor
  • Mr. Nirmal Shah – Special Advisor
  • Ms. Doreen Zelia – Principal Secretary Administration
  • Mr. Terry Jones – Principal Secretary Government Implementation and Delivery
  • Ms. Melissa Simeon – Principal Secretary Public Affairs
  • Ms. Shelda Commettant – Chief Press Secretary
  • Mr. Aubrey Payet – Chief Presidential Protocol Affairs
  • Mrs. Anna Gutierez – Chief Public Relations and Communications Advisor

CABINET AFFAIRS AND CIVIL SERVICE

  • Ms. Margaret Moumou Secretary of State, Cabinet Affairs and Civil Service
  • Ms. Shella Mohideen Chief Secretary
  • Ms Florry Payet Deputy Cabinet Secretary

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE

  • Major General Michael Rosette Chief of Defence Force

DEPARTMENT OF LEGAL AFFAIRS

  • Mr. Vinsent Perera Attorney General
  • Ms Wendy Zialor Registrar General

VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE

  • Mr. Alvin Laurence Secretary of State Poverty Alleviation
  • Mr. Xavier Estico Secretary of State Science, Technology and Innovation
  • Mr. Benjamin Choppy Principal Secretary Department of Information Communication Technology and Digital Transformation
  • Ms. Ginnie Lucas Principal Secretary Department of Information
  • Mr. Daniel Cetoupe Principal Secretary Department of Risk and Disaster Management
  • Mr. Joseph Francois Secretary of State Lands, Housing and Infrastructure
  • Mr. Denis Barbe Principal Secretary Department of Lands
  • Mr. Jude Florentine Principal Secretary Department of Housing

MINISTRY OF FINANCE, ECONOMIC PLANNING, TRADE AND INVESTMENT

  • Mr. Patrick Payet Secretary of State Finance, Economic Planning, Trade & Investment
  • Ms. Astride Tamatave Principal Secretary Finance Department
  • Mrs. Elizabeth Agathine Principal Secretary Economic Planning Department
  • Mrs. Natalie Edmond Principal Secretary Trade and Investment Department

MINISTRY OF FISHERIES, AGRICULTURE AND BLUE ECONOMY

  • Mr. Alain Decommarmond Secretary of State Fisheries and Blue Economy
  • Mrs. Phillianne Ernesta Principal Secretary Blue Economy
  • Mr. Keven Nancy Principal Secretary Agriculture
  • Mr. Roy Clarisse Principal Secretary Fisheries

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND THE DIASPORA

  • Ambassador Ian Madeleine Principal Secretary Foreign Affairs and the Diaspora

MINISTRY OF HOMELAND SECURITY AND CIVIL AFFAIRS

  • Ms. Sheryl Vengadasamy Principal Secretary Homeland Security
  • Mr. Alain Volcere Principal Secretary Civil Affairs
  • Mr. Ted Barbe Commissioner of Police
  • Mr. Antoine Denousse Acting Commissioner of Prison
  • Ms. Tally Domingue Chief Fire Officer Seychelles Fire and Rescue Services

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, PORTS AND CIVIL AVIATION

  • Mr. Patrick Andre Principal Secretary Land Transport
  •  Mr. David Bianchi Principal Secretary Civil Aviation, Ports and Marine

MINISTRY OF HEALTH

  • Dr. Jude Padayachy Secretary of State for Health
  • Dr. Bernard Valentin Special Advisor
  • Dr. Sandra Crewe Principal Secretary Health Services
  • Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Pugazhendi Principal Secretary Policy, Planning, Strategy and Accountability

MINISTRY OF YOUTH AND SPORTS

  • Ms. Begitta Jeannevol Special Advisor Youth Affairs
  • Mr. Jean Larue Special Advisor Sports
  • Ms. Fatime Kante Principal Secretary for Youth and Sport

MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE

  • Mr. Michael Nalletamby Principal Secretary Industry and Enterprise

MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND INNER ISLANDS

  • Mr. Dan Frichot Special Advisor
  • Mrs. Vicky Van Der Westhuizen Principal Secretary Local Government and Community Services
  • Mr. Denis Antat Principal Secretary Inner Islands Affairs and Community Delivery

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE, ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

  • Mr. Denis Matatiken Special Advisor
  • Mr. Tony Imaduwa Principal Secretary Energy and Climate Affairs
  • Ms. Nanette Laure Principal Secretary Environment and Natural Resources

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

  • Mr. John Lesperance Special Advisor
  • Dr. Justin Zelime Principal Secretary General Education and Curriculum
  • Mr. Bernard Arnephy Principal Secretary Educational Support and Projects
  • Mr. Jean Alcindor Principal Secretary Human Resource Development

MINISTRY OF EMPLOYMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING

  • Ms. Veronique Bresson Special Advisor
  • Ms. Susan Morel Principal Secretary Employment and Human Resource Planning
  • Mr. Steve Monnaie Principal Secretary Labour Relations and Regulations

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS, FAMILY AND EQUALITY

  • Mrs. Linda William-Melanie Secretary of State Social Affairs, Family and Equality
  • Mrs. Beryl Payet Principal Secretary Social Affairs
  • Mr. Mike Morel Principal Secretary Family Affairs and Equality

MINISTRY OF TOURISM AND CULTURE

  • Mrs. Bernadette Willemin Special Advisor Tourism
  • Mrs. Sherin Francis Principal Secretary Tourism
  • Mrs. Cecile Kalebi Principal Secretary Culture, Arts and National Heritage

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of State House Seychelles.

President El-Sisi Inaugurates Egypt Defence Expo (EDEX 2025)

Source: APO


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Today, President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi witnessed the opening of the fourth Egypt Defence Expo (EDEX 2025), at Al-Manara International Conference Center and the Egypt International Exhibition Center in New Cairo. The President was received by Prime Minister Dr. Moustafa Madbouly, Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces and Minister of Defense and military Production General Abdel Mageed Saqr and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Lieutenant General Ahmed Khalifa.

The Spokesman for the Presidency, Ambassador Mohamed El-Shennawy, said a commemorative photo was taken of the President with the senior guests before the exhibition activities commenced with the performance of the song, “We are always together”, in Arabic, English and French. This was followed by a presentation of the joint manufacturing project for the howitzer (K9A1 EGY) and a documentary about the project, in addition to a documentary about the Egypt Defence Expo.

The spokesman for the presidency said Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Minister of Defense and Military Production, General Abdel Mageed Saqr, delivered an address on this occasion, welcoming the participants in the exhibition’s activities. He confirmed that the exhibition has become a global platform for countries and companies producing armament systems and defense platforms from all parts of the world to showcase the latest advancements in sophisticated technologies.

General Saqr pointed out that this year’s edition of the exhibition takes place amidst rapid transformations and complex conflicts in our region and the world, which renders permanent readiness to confront dangers and threats a duty that allows no room for complacency.

The Defense Minister added that the world now realizes that Egypt’s persistent warnings, repeatedly voiced by the President, about the region sliding into a comprehensive war that would drag the world toward an unknown fate, reflected a profound vision and a voice of wisdom, and were a sincere and conscious caution against the repercussions of following the logic and arrogance of power, instead of the logic of just and comprehensive peace. Egypt has practically affirmed this commitment during the Sharm El Sheikh Peace Summit, where it gathered on its soil nations that believe in peace to unify efforts to end the war in Gaza and stop the bloodshed after two years that defied human logic.

General Saqr emphasized stated that Egypt’s possession of various elements of capability is an investment in true peace, as strong nations have their will respected and their borders protected. He further affirmed that the Egyptian Armed Forces has been, and will always remain, a wise and rational force that protects and does not threaten, builds and reconstructs.

The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Minister of Defense and Military Production noted that the inauguration of the Grand Egyptian Museum serves as a testament to the greatness of Egypt and a bridge connecting its glorious past with its vibrant present and promising future.

He said Egypt is today presenting an image of its modern strength through the fourth edition of the Egypt International Defense Exhibition (EDEX), which demonstrates its commitment to keeping pace with global developments in the field of armament and enhancing its military capabilities to reinforce its national security. The Defense Minister also underscored Egypt’s keenness to foster partnership frameworks and strategic relations with sisterly and friendly nations.

The Defense Minister extended gratitude and appreciation to President El-Sisi for his ongoing support and unwavering commitment to enhancing the capabilities of the Armed Forces to complete the modernization process and raise combat efficiency. He also thanked the President for fostering cooperation with friendly nations to protect regional and international peace and security, and for building bridges of cooperation through joint training and exchange of expertise with numerous countries worldwide.

The President then headed to the Egypt International Exhibition Center to inspect the pavilion of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The President was given a brief about the pavilions of vehicle administration (Engineering Industries Complex), the pavilion of the Ministry of Military Production, the pavilion of the Arab International Optronics, and the pavilion of the Arab Organization for Industrialization. The President also inspected the pavilions of the United Arab Emirates and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

At the conclusion of the event, a commemorative photo was taken of the President and representatives of major global defense industry companies.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

Johannesburg’s produce market has supplied the informal sector for decades: a refresh is due

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Marc Wegerif, Senior Lecturer, Development Studies, University of Pretoria

South Africa’s food system is a complex landscape where high levels of production coexist with severe food insecurity. In a 2024 survey, 63.5% of households were found to be food insecure and 28.8% of children stunted.

In this food system, fresh produce markets owned by municipalities are critical for food access and nutrition. The Agriculture Department reported that in 2023, the country’s 17 main municipal fresh produce markets sold over 3 million tons of fresh fruit and vegetables, worth R24.6 billion (US$1.37 billion). This is approximately 40%-50% of the fresh produce from farmers in South Africa.

The relationship between public markets and the informal sector, in particular, is fundamental to food security. Studies being carried out with support from the DSTI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security in South Africa confirm that fresh produce sold by street traders who source from municipal markets is consistently cheaper than in formal supermarkets.

By selling at low prices in convenient locations, informal traders reduce the cost of food and the need for transport when shopping. They are key to making fruit and vegetables physically and economically accessible to the urban poor.

But this food system is under threat. Our research found that supermarket chains are buying more produce directly from farmers. Corroborated by the Competition Commission, there has been a steady decline in the share of national produce distributed through municipal markets.

We are social scientists who have been doing research on urban food systems in South Africa for the last seven years. We carried out research at the Johannesburg fresh produce market to better understand its role in food security.

We studied the market over three years, making observations during many visits and interviewing over 120 people in different roles. The market traces its origins back to Market Square in Johannesburg in the late 1800s, and is now the biggest of South Africa’s municipal markets.

It serves South Africa’s economic hub of Gauteng as well as selling some produce to other parts of the country and to neighbouring countries. The produce comes from the largest commercial operations and from small-scale farmers – anyone can sell there if they wish to.

The study provided clear evidence that the market is essential infrastructure for a more resilient, equitable and food-secure future.

To safeguard the role of markets like this, a concerted effort to protect and invest in them is required.

Johannesburg fresh produce market

The Johannesburg fresh produce market accounts for around 45% of the total value of sales from the National Fresh Produce Markets. Its annual sales exceed 1.3 million tons, valued at over R11 billion (more than US$610 million).

The City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality owns the property, and a state-owned company manages the operations and staff. Buyers and sellers have to register with the market to buy or sell through agents in the main trading hubs. All that’s required is a form of identity document.

All transactions in the main hubs go through agents and the market system, crediting or debiting the accounts of the sellers or buyers. The agents are registered and insured with the Agricultural Products Agents Council.

The majority of the agents are white men. Some come from families that have been agents in the market for generations. The continuity of these agents provides stability in the market. However, it also leaves the demographics little changed from the apartheid era.

Farmers send their produce to particular agents who then sell it for them, making their money from a commission on sales that is normally 7.5%. The market gets a 5% commission on all sales, which is how it covers operating costs. Anyone can also buy for cash, without registering, at the Unity or Tshiamo (formerly Mandela) markets that are on the same site.

Traders in these cash markets source produce from the main hubs, benefiting from the bulk prices and then breaking bulk to sell on in smaller quantities.

The most visible and profound impact of the Johannesburg fresh produce market is in its role as the primary source of stock for the vast informal retail sector. Thousands of the over 10,000 registered buyers stream through its halls every day, the vast majority being informal traders – street vendors, hawkers and small-scale retailers who form the backbone of fresh produce access in low-income neighbourhoods.


Read more: Street traders in South Africa play a vital role: how their rights can be protected


These traders rely on the market’s competitive wholesale prices. They buy in bulk from the main market hubs or in smaller quantities from the traders who break bulk at the Unity and Tshiamo markets.

In turn, they sell to the people of Johannesburg and wider Gauteng Province.

Benefits and challenges

The regulated agent system, while imperfect, ensures that farmers receive payment within five days and provides a competitive marketplace.

The National Fresh Produce Markets uphold a level of competition and choice. Without them, all farmers, large and small, would be in a weaker negotiating position when selling into supermarket supply chains.

As the Competition Commission South Africa concluded in a 2025 report, selling to independent retailers through the National Fresh Produce Markets helps to counter the downward pressure on farm gate prices exerted by powerful buyers.

But there are challenges. Despite their proven value, the future of markets like the Johannesburg fresh produce market is under threat from a confluence of challenges:

  • loss of market share: large supermarket chains are increasingly buying directly from farmers through their own supply chains

  • decaying infrastructure: market agents and traders report issues with overcrowded, poorly insulated halls and unreliable cold storage made worse by electricity cuts. These problems increase operational costs and risk spoilage, threatening the market’s competitiveness.

Other challenges include the dominance of white, male market agents and the entrenched, ethnically based networks that facilitate trade. These present a barrier to more equitable participation. Lastly, unstable municipal politics is also affecting the market.

Protecting the municipal markets

We suggest three ways to protect markets such as the Johannesburg fresh produce market.

First, modernise infrastructure, particularly cold storage, to reduce food waste and maintain the quality of perishable goods. The city may have to increase capital expenditure. Revenues generated by the market should be ring-fenced for reinvestment in its infrastructure and services.

Second, insulate market management from municipal politics. Operational efficiency and long-term planning are essential for stability.

Finally, foster inclusivity and transformation without disrupting the social networks that underpin the market’s functioning. This could include facilitating more interaction between all farmers and agents, and supporting groups like the women’s trader collectives, which share information and buy in bulk.

Makhanana Malungane, an economic researcher at the Gauteng Department of Economic Development, contributed to this article.

– Johannesburg’s produce market has supplied the informal sector for decades: a refresh is due
– https://theconversation.com/johannesburgs-produce-market-has-supplied-the-informal-sector-for-decades-a-refresh-is-due-268151

Nigeria’s low-cost private schools are the only option for millions: is closing them a good idea?

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Thelma Obiakor, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cambridge

Nigeria’s basic education landscape consists of public (government) schools and a diverse private sector. Private schools in Nigeria refer to educational institutions that are run by private individuals, religious organisations, foundations or business enterprises. These schools are diverse in terms of size, cost, ownership models and target populations, ranging from low-fee neighbourhood schools to faith-based schools and “premium” schools. The number of private schools isn’t captured in official statistics.

Over the past year, many private schools have been closed across the country. Ebonyi State sealed more than 280 unapproved schools. Cross River officials shut down 69, and Akwa Ibom, Kogi and Delta states launched their own crackdowns on “rogue” schools operating without government approval or with substandard infrastructure.

These closures are being justified on safety and quality grounds, given that many of these schools, commonly referred to as low-cost private schools, operate without full registration.

Before a private school can open, owners must pay multiple inspection, registration and annual renewal fees. They must also meet infrastructure requirements and show evidence of qualified teaching staff.

The recent enforcement drives expose a fault line in Nigeria’s education system: the country’s growing dependence on low-cost private schools to fill the gaps that an overstretched public system can no longer cover.


Read more: Somalia’s education crisis: why so few children attend school and what could be done to change that


I researched the private schooling market in Nigeria for my doctorate, and my latest paper sets out some of the factors that shape enrolment in these schools in Nigeria.

I found two main factors: the proximity and accessibility of public schools, and affordability.

The implication for ongoing closure drives is significant. If low-cost private schools are concentrated in communities where public schools are unavailable or distant, or are the only affordable options, then wide-scale closures disproportionately threaten access for children from low-income households, particularly in hard-to-reach or underserved areas. Abrupt shutdowns without transition plans can interrupt learning and deepen existing inequalities.

More investment is needed to make sure every child can go to school.

Private school diversity

Across Nigeria, private provision has expanded rapidly. According to figures cited by the minister of education, the number of private schools grew by about 39% between 2017 and 2022, compared with only 3.5% growth in public schools over the same period.

In my research, I grouped private schools into three cost categories – low-cost, mid-cost and high-cost – based on mandatory educational costs. I used national survey data from 2015 (the latest data is from 2020, but is not publicly available yet), which showed that most pupils who were enrolled in private schools attended those in the low-cost category.

My analysis of the 2015 survey data found that 52% of private-school pupils in urban areas and 49% in rural areas attended low-cost private schools. A further finding was that public schools and low-cost private schools served similar populations: children from low-income households with limited schooling alternatives.

State-level evidence reinforces this. In Kwara State, a 2016 census found that 67% and 41% of urban and rural private schools respectively were low-cost private schools. More recent data from the Partnership for Learning for All in Nigeria (a UK-government-funded education programme operating in Nigeria) show that a high proportion of private schools are low-cost schools that operate without approval in some northern states: around 85% in Kano and 80% in Jigawa.

Taken together, these national and state findings show that low-cost private schools have become an important route to education for millions of pupils.

Access and affordability

Access

Although parental preference plays a role for some households, attendance in low-cost private schools is shaped by the availability and accessibility of public schools. My doctoral research shows that attendance is most prominent in areas where public-school provision is weak. In many parts of Nigeria, weak provision can take the form of overcrowded classrooms or limited school availability. Distance to the nearest public school also plays a key role. The further a low-income family lives from a public school, the more likely they are to enrol their child in a low-cost private school. This pattern is pronounced in areas where public provision is thin and mobility costs are high.

In practice, low-cost private schools operate as an access mechanism, stepping in where the state is absent or unable to meet local demand.


Read more: Why poor parents in Nairobi choose private over free primary schools


Affordability

Affordability further explains why these schools are widely used. My research found that their annual fees typically ranged from ₦8,000 (about US$18 in 2015, the year the data was collected) in urban areas to ₦5,000 (about US$11 in 2015) in rural areas. Paradoxically, the total cost of attending a public school was sometimes higher, with an average of US$43 in urban areas and US$24 in rural areas.

Recent data from the Partnership for Learning for All in Nigeria baseline study in Jigawa shows that about 40% of low-cost private schools charge no tuition, while 48% charge ₦10,000 or less per year (approximately US$22 in 2022). This confirms that they are either free or highly affordable for most families. Affordability matters because public education, although constitutionally free, is rarely without costs in practice.

Many states still permit partial fee regimes or informal levies, and parents often bear expenses for uniforms, learning materials and other charges. Policymakers have begun to flag this issue, with the Imo State House of Assembly recently urging the government to enforce free basic education and eliminate charges.

Regulating for inclusion

Closing down private schools without transition plans could prevent low-income families from educating their children.

Nigeria’s regulatory framework for private schools is among the most demanding in sub-Saharan Africa. An assessment of 22 countries found that Nigerian states ranked among the most restrictive for market entry.


Read more: South Africa’s no-fee school system can’t undo inequality


If the goal is to raise standards without undermining access, regulation must shift from punishment to support.

Tiered licensing would allow low-cost private schools to operate legally while improving over time. Oversight should be paired with practical assistance such as training or conditional waivers, an approach reflected in the 2025 National Policy on Non-State Schools. Every closure should include a plan for placing pupils in schools with capacity.

Nigeria cannot regulate its way out of reliance on private school provision. Stronger public investment is needed so families are not forced to pay privately for basic education.

– Nigeria’s low-cost private schools are the only option for millions: is closing them a good idea?
– https://theconversation.com/nigerias-low-cost-private-schools-are-the-only-option-for-millions-is-closing-them-a-good-idea-270097