South Africa: Communications Committee Puts Conditions to the Approval of Government Communications and Information Systems (GCIS) Budget


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The Portfolio Committee on Communications and Digital Technologies has put conditions on the adoption of its budget vote report on the Government Communications and Information Systems (GCIS).

The committee’s conditions have been forwarded to the Standing Committee on Appropriations in terms of section 10(5) of the Money Bills Amendment Procedure and Related Matters Act 9 of 2009.

This decision was taken on the basis that the committee felt that the 2025-2030 strategic and 2025/26 annual performance plans of the GCIS as well as the Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA) lacked clarity and measurable targets.

The committee also believes that the GCIS’ five-year strategic plan is misaligned to the government’s Medium-Term Development Priorities. The strategy refers to the need to move to evidence-based communication without outlining what impact it will have on the country’s drive for inclusive economic growth and job creation, and how such will be measured.

The committee stands against a spray-and-pray approach to development communication which has no attendant measurable targets and cogent monitoring and evaluation framework.

As part of its conditions to the Minister in the Presidency, the committee wants GCIS to, among others, come up with a policy or legislative instrument that is going to ensure alignment, coherence and results-based measurement framework within government communication system.

The Chairperson of the committee, Ms Khusela Sangoni Diko, said: “The committee is recommending approval of this budget with a proviso that within the course of twelve months there is legislative reform to ensure that there is a policy instrument that guides government communications.”

Ms Diko further said that GCIS needs to fast-track reform on the laws that govern MDDA, Brand South Africa and government media spent. The committee also wants GCIS to provide quarterly performance reports on the implementation of the government communication policy framework.

These conditions extend to GCIS’ entity, the MDDA, which must provide clarity on how the it is going to be moving community radio stations to self-transmission. The committee also called on MDDA to provide a fundraising strategy with clear measurable targets.

The GCIS budget will be debated under vote 4 on Friday, 4 July 2025, in a mini plenary of the National Assembly at the Good Hope Chamber from 13:00 to 15:00

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Republic of South Africa: The Parliament.

European Union Integrated Border Management Assistance Mission in Libya Received New Mandate until June 2027


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On 26 June, the Council of the European Union adopted a Decision to extend the mandate of the European Union Integrated Border Management Assistance Mission in Libya (EUBAM Libya) for another two years, from 1 July 2025 until 30 June 2027. The Mission has been allocated a budget of nearly €52 million for this period.

Under its extended mandate, EUBAM Libya will continue supporting Libyan authorities in enhancing border management and combating cross-border crime, including human trafficking and migrant smuggling. As a civilian, non-executive mission, EUBAM Libya provides tailored technical advice, capacity building, and specialised training to Libyan law enforcement institutions. 

EUBAM Libya’s principal counterparts include the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Defence, among others. The coordination of Mission activities with Libyan authorities is led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.

The Mission was established in 2013, based on the invitation of State of Libya, to support the Libyan authorities to develop capacity for enhancing the security of land, sea and air borders.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of EU Border Assistance Mission in Libya (EUBAM).

Press Release on the recent development in Mali


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The Ministry of External Affairs expresses its deep concern regarding the abduction of three Indian nationals employed at the Diamond Cement Factory in Kayes, Republic of Mali. The incident occurred on 1st July 2025, when a group of armed assailants carried out a coordinated attack at the factory premises and forcibly took three (03) Indian nationals as hostages.

2. It has come to the knowledge of the Government of India that many military and government installations at multiple locations of western and central Mali were attacked by terrorists on 01 July 2025.

3. The Embassy of India in Bamako is in close and constant communication with the relevant authorities of the Government of Mali, local law enforcement agencies, as well as the management of Diamond Cement Factory. The Mission is also in touch with the family members of the abducted Indian nationals.

4. The Government of India unequivocally condemns this deplorable act of violence and calls upon the Government of the Republic of Mali to take all necessary measures to secure the safe and expeditious release of the abducted Indian nationals. Senior officials of the Ministry are closely monitoring the evolving situation and remain engaged at various levels to facilitate safe and early release of Indian Nationals.

5. The safety, security and welfare of Indian nationals abroad remains a matter of utmost priority for the Government of India. The Ministry advises all Indian citizens currently residing in Mali to exercise utmost caution, remain vigilant and stay in close contact with the Embassy of India in Bamako for regular updates and necessary assistance.

6. The Ministry shall continue to extend all possible support and remains committed to ensuring the safe return of the abducted Indian nationals at the earliest.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Ministry of External Affairs – Government of India.

Prime Minister arrives in Ghana on a State Visit


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Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi arrived today in Accra on his State Visit to Ghana. In a special gesture, on arrival at the airport, Prime Minister was received by the President of Ghana, H.E. John Dramani Mahama and accorded a ceremonial welcome. This gesture is reflective of the strong and historic bonds of friendship between the two nations.

2. Prime Minister’s visit to Ghana is the first such visit in the last three decades. This historic visit would further deepen the partnership between India and Ghana, and underscores India’s commitment to strengthening its engagement with Africa and Global South Partners.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Ministry of External Affairs – Government of India.

Minister of Planning, Economic Development, and International Cooperation delivers Egypt’s address at the roundtable on “Revitalizing international development cooperation”


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H.E. Dr. Rania Al-Mashat, Minister of Planning, Economic Development, and International Cooperation, delivered Egypt’s speech at the multilateral roundtable titled “Revitalizing international development cooperation”, on behalf of H.E. Dr. Mostafa Madbouly, Prime Minister of Egypt, during the 4th International Conference on Financing for Development held in Spain from June 29 to July 3, 2025.

Dr. Rania Al-Mashat explained that the current period is witnessing a significant decline in progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, due to escalating geopolitical tensions and multiple ongoing crises, which has resulted in successive negative impacts, especially on developing and least developed countries, which bear the heaviest burden of the global debt crisis leading to a widening and deepening gap between developed and developing countries day by day.

H.E.  added that the 4th International Conference on Financing for Development represents an important opportunity to reaffirm the existence of genuine political will to address the situation and to discuss effective proposals that would enhance concessional financing, support existing financial mechanisms, including Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), as well as develop new mechanisms to mobilize the required financing.

The Minister of Planning, Economic Development and International Cooperation pointed out that among these mechanisms, development-linked debt instruments are an example of financial instruments that can contribute to stimulate funding linked to development priorities, affirming the importance of donor countries’ commitment to their pledges to developing countries, adding that the challenges faced by developing countries are also beginning to affect many middle-income countries, which face the risk of undermine the progress they have achieved due to the worsening global debt situation.

Al-Mashat emphasized the need to focus on priority sectors, such as health and education, while making concerted efforts to alleviate debt burdens, which can be achieved by implementing sustainable mechanisms that contribute to supporting developing countries in a integrated manner.

In conclusion of her speech, H.E. stated that the conversation should not be limited to increasing the volume of financing alone, but should also focus on capacity building of countries, so that they are able to work effectively to achieve their national priorities and implementing their development strategies independently and sustainably, expressing her hope that the conference would come out with concrete recommendations capable of making a real, positive impact in advancing the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Ministry of Planning, Economic Development, and International Cooperation – Egypt.

République centrafricaine (RCA) : une personne sur trois en insécurité alimentaire aiguë


Environ 2,2 millions de personnes en République centrafricaine (RCA) – soit une personne sur trois – sont confrontées actuellement à des « niveaux élevés d’insécurité alimentaire aiguë », ont indiqué mercredi des agences humanitaires des Nations Unies.

Parmi ces personnes, près de 1,7 million (27% de la population) sont classées en situation de crise (phase 3 de l’IPC) et plus de 480.000 personnes (7% de la population) en insécurité alimentaire d’urgence (phase 4 de l’IPC).

Selon la dernière enquête du Cadre intégré de classification de la sécurité alimentaire (IPC) concernant la période d’avril à août 2025, la population en phase 3 de l’IPC (crise) a connu une légère réduction d’environ 76.000 personnes par rapport à la même période de l’année dernière.

Dans le même temps, la population en phase 4 de l’IPC (urgence) a légèrement augmenté passant de 430.000 à 480.000 personnes.

Insécurité, faible production agricole et chocs économiques

Malgré une légère amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire des populations, 80 zones analysées sur 85 sont classées en situation de crise (phase 3 de l’IPC). Cela démontre que la situation alimentaire reste préoccupante à cause des irrégularités des pluies, l’insécurité lors de la période des cultures, le faible accès aux semences, l’infestation des cultures et la tendance haussière des prix de certaines denrées alimentaire de base.

Le rapport pointe également du doigt les effets des conflits au Soudan et au Soudan du Sud qui poussent un nombre important de populations à se déplacer. Selon les agences humanitaires des Nations Unies, plus de 440.000 personnes continuent de vivre en situation de déplacement avec un accès limité aux moyens de subsistance.

Outre les conflits et l’insécurité, la situation alimentaire reste préoccupante à cause de « la faible production agricole et des chocs économiques ». La production agricole demeure faible en raison de l’insécurité et de irrégularité des pluies dans certaines zones.

Amélioration en vue dès septembre

D’après les résultats de l’évaluation de la campagne agro-pastorale 2024, les rendements sont à la baisse, vu l’accès difficile aux intrants. De plus, les prix des denrées de base demeurent élevés alors que le pouvoir d’achat reste faible. Le prix du carburant est le plus élevé de la région.

Pour l’analyse projetée (septembre 2025 à mars 2026) la situation de la sécurité alimentaire devrait s’améliorer, avec environ 1,83 million de personnes (soit 28 % de la population analysée) projetées en phase 3 de l’IPC ou plus (contre 34 % au cours de la période actuelle).

Cela comprend 287.000 personnes en phase 4 de l’IPC et 1,54 million de personnes en phase 3 de l’IPC. Le document tient compte de « précipitations adéquates » prévues, qui devraient avoir un « impact positif » sur les cultures vivrières et la production animale.  

Distribué par APO Group pour UN News.

République Centrafricaine : Un forum de haut niveau pour l’inclusion économique des déplacés


Le gouvernement centrafricain et les Nations Unies ont réaffirmé leur engagement à apporter des réponses concrètes à la problématique des déplacements forcés de populations, en misant sur l’implication du secteur privé. Un forum de haut niveau s’est tenu les 1er et 2 juillet  2025 à Bangui sous le slogan « Ga Na Bêkou ! » – « Redonner espoir ! ». Son objectif : favoriser des solutions durables à cette crise.

Organisée autour des enjeux du déplacement forcé et du rôle catalyseur du secteur privé, la rencontre a passé en revue les opportunités d’investissement dans les zones de retour, tout en contribuant à la consolidation de la paix par l’inclusion économique.

«Le déplacement forcé n’est pas une fatalité. C’est un défi. Mais nous devons le transformer en opportunité (…) de repenser nos modèles, de bâtir une économie plus inclusive, plus résiliente, plus humaine. M’adressant particulièrement aux représentants du secteur privé, je voudrais vous assurer que ce que nos pays vous offrent, c’est l’opportunité de faire partie d’un nouveau modèle. Un modèle où votre expertise devient motrice d’inclusion », a déclaré le Président Faustin Archange Touadéra, lors de la cérémonie d’ouverture.

La République centrafricaine a été profondément affectée par des crises politico-militaires successives qui ont entraîné le déplacement de plusieurs personnes à l’intérieur du pays et dans les pays voisins. Ce forum intervient donc à un moment crucial pour mobiliser les acteurs économiques autour de la promotion de l’inclusion économique des personnes déplacées de force.

Représentant spécial adjoint du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies et Coordonnateur humanitaire, Mohamed Ag Ayoya a souligné l’importance de créer les conditions favorables au retour des réfugiés. « En République centrafricaine, des centaines de milliers de personnes ont subi les conséquences du déplacement forcé, entraînant la perte de leurs biens, de leurs moyens de subsistance et parfois même de leurs repères sociaux et culturels. Ils sont partis en raison de circonstances indépendantes de leur volonté. Mais aujourd’hui, ils reviennent parce qu’ils croient en un avenir plus sûr et au développement de leur pays. Qu’ils soient déplacés internes ou réfugiés de retour, tous partagent la même aspiration : reconstruire leur vie avec dignité », fait-il valoir.

Le forum a rassemblé des délégations venues du Cameroun, du Tchad, de la République Démocratique du Congo, du Congo et bien entendu de la République centrafricaine, soulignant ainsi la dimension régionale de la solidarité face aux enjeux migratoires et de développement inclusif.

Distribué par APO Group pour United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA).

South Africa looks to global lessons as it sharpens its focus on gender priorities at G20

Source: South Africa News Agency

South Africa looks to global lessons as it sharpens its focus on gender priorities at G20

As the G20 Technical Meetings continue in South Africa, a powerful voice is emerging from within the country’s leadership, calling for bolder and more targeted investments in women, youth, and persons with disabilities. 

Advocate Joyce Mikateko Maluleke, the Chairperson of the G20 Empowerment Women Working Group (EWWG) and Director-General of the Department of Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities, told SAnews that South Africa is drawing critical lessons from global partners to respond to some of its most urgent challenges.

The Third Technical Meeting of the G20 EWWG is currently taking place at the Skukuza Conference Centre at the Kruger National Park in Mpumalanga.   

“There’s a lot that, as a country, we are learning from other countries. We have three priorities: valuing the care economy – both paid and unpaid; unlocking genuine financial inclusion for women, and eradicating gender-based violence and femicide,” Maluleke said. 

Maluleke began by addressing the crisis of gender-based violence and femicide (GBVF), which she said continues to tear through the country’s social fabric.

“Gender-based violence is a crisis in South Africa. It’s really one thing that, as a country, we want to learn from other countries. Other countries have done so many things… for prevention, even regulating access to social media, because one of the biggest challenges is that our children have a lot of unlimited access to the internet at an early age. Other countries shared that they control what young persons have access to,” she explained.

From controlling explicit media to implementing surveillance technologies that aid in prevention and justice, Maluleke said there is much to learn from. 

“They have used technology to protect women. For example, you find that there’s a surveillance camera every few meters. It does help because they can follow up… They have invested in prevention,” she said. 

Investing in strong family support structures, something other countries do well, is an area where South Africa must improve. Maluleke said this is one of the biggest prevention measures that the country needs to adopt.  

On financial inclusion, Maluleke highlighted the need to replicate successful international models that empower women from the ground up.

“We’ve learned from them… The support they give to women in businesses starts from their education systems. Countries like Germany have invested in vocational training, and they have elevated artisanship to the same level as those that went to university,” she said. 

In Germany, Maluleke noted, 60% of learners pursue technical training, while only 40% go to university. 

“That’s why Germany is so strong in terms of engineering and [technical fields],” she remarked.

The third priority, which is care work, remains an often-overlooked economic force, Maluleke said.

“Most countries have indicated that [care work] is a strong, unseen engine of the economy. Women will stay at home to raise children and to look after those who are sick…” she said, urging for an investment in systems that allow for a balance between work and life commitments.

“Care work, they say, is work of love. Yes, we love our parents, but we must still be able to live,” Maluleke emphasised.

On prevention strategies for GBVF, the Director-General stressed the urgent need to shift focus and budget accordingly.

“… [UN Women] said: ‘Preventing gender-based violence is not expensive. Not preventing gender-based violence is expensive.” It costs [a lot to raise] children [whose] families… are not able to [take them] to school, who won’t be able to contribute to the GDP… and who [might] end up getting involved in substance abuse, and to rehabilitate them is expensive,” she said. 

Towards a stronger declaration and legacy

As deliberations continue, South Africa is preparing for the signing of a declaration that addresses its three focus areas, namely, care work, financial inclusion and GBVF. 

Maluleke explained that every working group works on the technical meetings, which will culminate in the declaration that will be signed by Ministers in the G20 when they meet. 

She emphasised that a key objective is to secure tangible outcomes from the G20 engagement.

“One of the achievements that we would like to achieve is that the financial sector needs to ensure that when Ministers sign the declaration as a product… they also launch a legacy project,” she added. 

Indeed, one such legacy project is already in the pipeline.

“We already have the World Bank… The World Bank will be launching, as a legacy project of the South African G20 Presidency, a financial facility on care work.

“Women, who are running ECDs [Early Childhood Development Centres], will be able to apply for funding from that fund. They will launch it at the Minister’s meeting,” Maluleke said. 

Consensus and Positive Masculinity 

With 21 countries now part of the G20, following the African Union’s recent inclusion, building consensus remains a major hurdle. 

“All of them must consent to the declaration. That’s why we’re starting the negotiations today… and even tomorrow, we will be negotiating,” Maluleke said. 

Alongside the declaration, South Africa is preparing another powerful intervention: a conference on positive masculinity.

“Masculinity shouldn’t destroy. It should protect,” Maluleke said. 

The event will bring together G20 countries, guest nations, and international organisations, aiming to change the mindset of men and reframe masculinity as a force for protection and empowerment.

“There are countries that have reduced gender-based violence. They say gender-based violence can be prevented, but you have to invest in that prevention.

“Gender-based violence doesn’t discriminate… All of us have to make sure that we prevent it so that we protect our girls,” the Director-General said. 

As negotiations unfold and commitments solidify, South Africa is poised to drive meaningful change – not just at home but across the G20 platform by aligning global best practices with local action, and by ensuring no one is left behind in the fight for dignity, equity and justice. – SAnews.gov.za 

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Cabo Verde – Ministro Elísio Freire apela ao envolvimento de toda a sociedade na prevenção da violência sexual contra crianças: “Cada um de nós tem a responsabilidade de proteger”

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O Ministro da Família, Inclusão e Desenvolvimento Social, Fernando Elísio Freire, presidiu esta terça-feira, 1 de julho, à sessão de abertura do Atelier Formativo destinado às Associações Comunitárias da Praia, sob o tema “Prevenção e Combate à Violência Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes no Contexto Comunitário”.

A iniciativa, promovida pelo Instituto Cabo-verdiano da Criança e do Adolescente (ICCA) em parceria com a UNICEF, decorre entre os dias 1 e 4 de julho, no âmbito da Jornada Nacional “NÓS FERIA PROTEGIDA” e do Plano Nacional de Prevenção e Combate à Violência Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes 2025.

Na sua intervenção, o Ministro Elísio Freire sublinhou a urgência de uma mobilização coletiva contra este tipo de violência, realçando que a responsabilidade é de todos.

“Temos uma legislação moderna, sim. Temos justiça que persegue e pune os violadores, sim. Mas não chega. A escola, a comunidade, a igreja, a família, cada um de nós tem a responsabilidade de proteger, de cuidar, de denunciar e, acima de tudo, de prevenir.”

O Ministro destacou ainda que este atelier formativo representa uma ação concreta para dar voz às comunidades e criar redes de proteção eficazes.

“Esta formação é muito importante. Porque vocês são os portadores da esperança. Da esperança de uma criança que sabe que não será violada porque a sua comunidade está atenta, a família está atenta e porque sabe que tem um país atento.”

A formação junta mais de 60 representantes de associações comunitárias da Praia, com o objetivo de reforçar capacidades na prevenção, identificação e denúncia de casos de violência sexual, garantir férias escolares seguras e consolidar redes locais de proteção da infância.

O Governo de Cabo Verde reafirma, assim, o seu compromisso com a tolerância zero à violência sexual infantil, em alinhamento com os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), especialmente a meta 16.2, e com o Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (PEDS II).

Distribuído pelo Grupo APO para Governo de Cabo Verde.

Egypt: Dr. Rania Al-Mashat Participates in Several Events on Expanding Fiscal Space for Developing Countries, National Frameworks and Platforms, and Aligning Capital Flows with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)


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As part of her ongoing participation in the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development in Seville, Spain, within the Egyptian delegation headed by H.E. Prime Minister Dr. Mostafa Madbouly, on behalf of H.E. President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, H.E. Dr. Rania A. Al-Mashat, Minister of Planning, Economic Development and International Cooperation, participated in a number of events concerning expanding fiscal space for developing countries, national frameworks and platforms, aligning capital flows with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and a new vision for debt.

Expanding Fiscal Space for Developing Countries and a New Vision for Debt

H.E. Dr. Rania Al-Mashat participated in a panel titled “Expanding Fiscal Space: A New Vision for Debt and Development Finance,” with the participation of Dr. Mahmoud Mohieldin, Chair of the UN Expert Group on Debt and the UN Special Envoy on Financing the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda; Ms. Rola Dashti, Executive Secretary of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA); and Ms. Zuzana Brixiova, Director of Macroeconomics, Finance and Governance Division at the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).

The Minister of Planning, Economic Development and International Cooperation emphasized that the 4th International Conference on Financing for Development represents a pivotal moment for fulfilling the international community’s commitments for achieving SDGs, particularly after the successive crises the world is facing, which undermine the ability of developing and emerging countries to meet the requirements of the development path.

H.E. Minister Al-Mashat highlighted the importance of implementing the recommendations of the UN expert group’s report on solving the debt problem in Global South countries. 

These included 11 key recommendations, among them: redirecting and renewing resources of existing funds in multilateral development banks and the International Monetary Fund to enhance liquidity, adopting policies to extend maturities and finance loan repurchases, reducing debt service during crises, reforming the G20 Common Framework to include all middle-income countries, and reforming the Debt Sustainability Analyses (DSA) of the IMF and World Bank to better reflect the situation of low and middle-income countries, among other recommendations.

H.E. Dr. Al-Mashat expressed her aspiration that the 4th International Conference on Financing for Development will contribute to taking concrete steps towards restructuring the global financial system, which has become inadequate for the magnitude of challenges and changes facing developing and emerging countries. She noted that rising debts and decreasing investments undermine the ability of developing and emerging countries to catch up. She also stressed the need to overcome global challenges and return to the multilateral development cooperation system.

H.E. Dr. Al-Mashat reiterated Egypt’s efforts to promote financing for development through innovative mechanisms such as debt swap programs with Germany and Italy, and the signing of a new agreement with China. She pointed to the credibility and trust between Egypt and international financing institutions, which facilitated the mobilization of more than $15.6 billion in development financing for the private sector since 2020.

Reforming the Global Financial Architecture: Aligning Capital Flows with Development and Climate Goals

In a related context, H.E. Dr. Rania Al-Mashat participated in a high-level session titled “Reforming the International Financial Architecture: Aligning Capital Flows with Development and Climate Goals,” organized by the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (CCSI), the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), and the Belt and Road Green Development Council (BRIGC).

Participants included Professor Jeffrey Sachs, President of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN); Mr. Claver Gatete, Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA); Professor Kevin Urama, Chief Economist of the African Development Bank; and Ms. Carla Louveira, Minister of Finance of Mozambique, among others.

H.E. Dr. Rania Al-Mashat reaffirmed that achieving inclusive and sustainable development in the African continent cannot be based solely on borrowing or on mobilizing domestic resources. Instead, it is essential to integrate both approaches to ensure sufficient and sustainable financing for development projects.

H.E. Minister Al-Mashat also emphasized that Egypt is working to achieve a delicate balance between domestic and international financing, guided by a clear vision that mobilizing domestic resources supports sustainability, while international partnerships provide momentum for implementing major strategic projects.

Regarding the global financial structure,H.E. Dr. Al-Mashat added that the current international financial system has led to a deepening of the disparity in capital flows between developing, emerging, and developed countries, and limits financing opportunities in southern countries. She asserted that developing countries, especially African nations, still bear unfair financial burdens due to the high cost of financing compared to developed countries, and this disparity weakens our ability to achieve the SDGs within set timelines.

H.E. Minister Al-Mashat mentioned that capital flows are moving in the opposite direction, away from the countries  with the greatest needs, despite the high-return investment opportunities these countries offer. She underscored that instead of capital flowing towards high-yield development opportunities, we observe outflows due to increased risks associated with global fluctuations, which limits the ability of countries to attract long-term financing. She concluded that serious reforms are urgently needed in the international financial system.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Ministry of Planning, Economic Development, and International Cooperation – Egypt.