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Bénin – Décentralisation et gouvernance locale : Le Gouvernement à l’écoute des collectivités

Source: Africa Press Organisation – French


Les locaux de la Mairie d’Abomey-Calavi a abrité, le vendredi 7 novembre 2025, la séance de clôture de la tournée du Ministre de la Décentralisation et de la Gouvernance Locale, Monsieur Raphaël AKOTÈGNON dans les neuf (09) arrondissements de la commune. En présence du Maire Angelo AHOUANDJINOU, du Préfet Jean-Claude CODJIA et de la Directrice Départementale de la Police Républicaine de l’Atlantique, Madame Ghislaine BOCOVO, cette rencontre a permis de dresser un bilan des échanges menés dans les communes à statut particulier et d’évaluer la mise en œuvre de la réforme de l’administration territoriale. 

Rappelant que le décret N°2022-319 du 1ᵉʳ juin 2022 confère à Abomey-Calavi un statut particulier, le Ministre AKOTÈGNON a souligné les enjeux majeurs liés à la croissance démographique et à l’expansion urbaine de la commune. Abomey-Calavi, appelée à devenir un pôle stratégique de gouvernance locale, doit faire face à des défis importants en matière de planification, de sécurité et de gestion des services publics. 

La tournée ministérielle, qui a parcouru les neuf arrondissements de la commune, s’est articulée autour de trois priorités : identifier les difficultés dans la mise en œuvre de la réforme territoriale, examiner les conditions de travail du personnel communal et infracommunal, et formuler des recommandations pour une gouvernance plus performante. Les discussions ont également mis l’accent sur deux thématiques transversales : la gestion administrative et financière, ainsi que la coproduction de la sécurité au niveau local. 

Face aux défis posés par l’urbanisation rapide notamment la gestion foncière, la circulation routière, les incivilités et la cohésion sociale, le Ministre a invité les acteurs locaux à renforcer les mécanismes de prévention et de veille communautaire. À l’approche des élections générales de 2026, le Ministre AKOTEGNON a souligné que « c’est à l’échelle locale que notre République se mesure concrètement », exhortant les élus à davantage de rigueur, de transparence et de responsabilité dans la conduite des affaires publiques. 

En clôturant cette étape de sa tournée dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi, Monsieur Raphaël AKOTÈGNON a salué la mobilisation exemplaire des autorités locales et réaffirmé la détermination du Gouvernement à poursuivre la réforme de la décentralisation. Il a insisté sur le renforcement des structures infracommunales, l’évaluation des performances et la participation citoyenne à la gouvernance territoriale. Après cette étape de l’Atlantique, la délégation ministérielle poursuivra sa tournée à Porto-Novo, pour la suite de cette mission de proximité au service du développement local.

Distribué par APO Group pour Gouvernement de la République du Bénin.

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South Africa strengthens trade ties with Saudi Arabia

Source: Government of South Africa

South Africa strengthens trade ties with Saudi Arabia

The Department of Trade, Industry and Competition (the dtic) will undertake an Outward Selling Mission (OSM) to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from 10 – 12 November 2025. 

The project forms part of the implementation plan for the recently concluded Joint Economic Commission, in which Trade, Industry and Competition Minister, Parks Tau, presented to Saudi officials and business a list of South Africa’s leading potential export products, and a comprehensive portfolio of high-impact investment projects, aligned with the country’s economic priorities. 

The OSM will, among other things, facilitate access for South African value-added products and services into the Saudi Arabian market, build brand awareness for South African products and services, and connect with potential buyers and importers. 

The companies selected are mainly in the agro-processing and health sectors. 

The Outward Selling Mission aligns with the dtic’s strategic objective of expanding South Africa’s industrial footprint and unlocking new market opportunities in the Middle East region.

It serves as a platform to promote value-added exports, strengthen industrial linkages, and position South African firms competitively within regional and global value chains. 

Director of Export Promotion and Marketing at the dtic, Seema Sardha, emphasised the department’s strong commitment to supporting South African companies in expanding their global footprint. 

She said the successful implementation of the mission will play a key role in advancing the national objectives of job creation, industrialisation and increased value addition across priority sectors.

“This mission represents a practical step in helping our exporters gain direct access to market insights, connect with potential buyers and understand the regulatory and logistical requirements for doing business in Saudi Arabia.

“Our focus is on providing hands-on support to participating companies, facilitating business-to-business engagements, guiding them through market entry processes and ensuring they are well-positioned to secure long-term partnerships.

“We want South African businesses to not only enter these markets but to grow and compete effectively, increase value-added exports and create quality jobs at home through greater participation in global trade,” she said. – SAnews.gov.za

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AMAN UNION and Saudi Export-Import Bank (Saudi EXIM Bank) Sign Agreement for the Transfer of AMAN Union General Secretariat

Source: APO

AMAN UNION General Secretariat, and the Saudi Export-Import Bank (Saudi EXIM Bank) have signed a Transfer Agreement outlining the framework for transferring the tasks and functions of the General Secretariat of the AMAN Union from AMAN UNION General Secretariat to Saudi EXIM Bank.

The agreement was signed by Mr. Mourad Mizouri, Secretary General of AMAN UNION, and Mr. Naif bin Othman Alajroush, Director General of International & Government Relations at Saudi EXIM. The signing took place on the sidelines of the 15th Annual General Meeting of the AMAN Union, held from November 4–6, 2025, in Jeddah and hosted by ICIEC. The gathering brought together leading professionals and experts in credit and investment insurance to explore strategies for promoting trade, mitigating risks, and strengthening regional economic integration.

Under this agreement, AMAN UNION Secretariat General and Saudi EXIM Bank will cooperate to ensure the smooth transfer of the Union’s duties, responsibilities, records, assets, and the institutional functions of the General Secretariat. This milestone reflects both institutions’ shared commitment to reinforcing the AMAN Union’s capacity and advancing its long-term vision.

Mr. Mourad Mizouri, AMAN UNION Secretary General, stated, “This transition marks an important step in enhancing the operational independence and sustainability of the AMAN Union. The AMAN UNION members remain committed to supporting the Union’s mission of fostering collaboration among them.”

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC).

Media Contact:
Aman Union
General Secretariat of Aman Union
Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Email: iciec.ausecretariat@isdb.org

About AMAN UNION:
The AMAN Union is a professional forum that brings together insurers and reinsurers covering commercial and non-commercial risks in the member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Arab Investment and Export Credit Guarantee Corporation (Dhaman). The Union was established on October 28, 2009, following a bilateral agreement between Dhaman and the Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC) to unify their efforts in creating a platform that enhances cooperation among insurers and reinsurers operating within their respective member countries.

Website: www.AMANUNION.org

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L’UNION AMAN et la Banque saoudienne d’export-import (Saudi EXIM Bank) signent un accord pour le transfert du secrétariat général de l’Union AMAN

Source: Africa Press Organisation – French

Le Secrétariat général d’AMAN UNION et la Banque saoudienne d’import-export (Saudi EXIM Bank) ont signé un accord de transfert définissant le cadre pour le transfert des tâches et des fonctions du Secrétariat général de l’Union AMAN à la Saudi EXIM.

L’accord a été signé par M. Mourad Mizouri, Secrétaire général de l’UNION AMAN, et M. Naif bin Othman Alajroush, directeur général des relations internationales et gouvernementales de Saudi EXIM. L’accord a été signé en marge de la 15ème Assemblée générale annuelle de l’Union AMAN, qui a eu lieu du 4 au 6 novembre 2025 à Djeddah et organisée par la SIACE. La réunion a rassemblé des professionnels et des experts de haut niveau dans les domaines du crédit et de l’assurance des investissements afin d’explorer des stratégies visant à promouvoir le commerce, à atténuer les risques et à renforcer l’intégration économique régionale.

En vertu de cet accord, le Secrétariat général de l’UNION AMAN et la Banque saoudienne d’import-export (Saudi EXIM Bank) coopéreront pour assurer le bon déroulement du transfert des missions, des responsabilités, des dossiers, des actifs et des fonctions institutionnelles du Secrétariat général de l’Union. Cette étape importante reflète l’engagement commun des deux institutions à renforcer les capacités de l’Union AMAN et à faire progresser sa vision à long terme.

M. Mourad Mizouri, Secrétaire général de l’Union AMAN, a déclaré: «Cette transition marque une étape importante dans le renforcement de l’indépendance opérationnelle et de la durabilité de l’Union AMAN. Les membres de l’UNION AMAN restent déterminés à soutenir la mission de l’Union qui consiste à favoriser la collaboration entre eux.»

Distribué par APO Group pour Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC).

Contact médiatique :
L’Union Aman
Secrétariat Général de l’Union Aman
Djeddah, Royaume d’Arabie saoudite
Courriel: iciec.ausecretariat@isdb.org

À propos de l’UNION AMAN :
L’Union AMAN est un forum professionnel regroupant les assureurs et les réassureurs des risques commerciaux et non commerciaux des pays membres de l’Organisation de la coopération islamique (OCI) et de la Société arabe de garantie des investissements et des crédits à l’exportation (DHAMAN). L’Union AMAN a été créée le 28 octobre 2009, suite à un accord bilatéral entre DHAMAN et la Société islamique d’assurance des investissements et des crédits à l’exportation (SIACE) pour unir leurs efforts afin de créer une plate-forme qui renforce la coopération entre les assureurs et les réassureurs opérant dans leurs pays membres respectifs.

Site Web: www.AMANUNION.org

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President Ramaphosa elected interim Chair of SADC

Source: Government of South Africa

President Cyril Ramaphosa has been elected as the interim Chairperson of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) following the regional bloc’s virtual Extraordinary Summit of Heads of State and Government held on Friday, 7 November 2025.

The decision follows the Republic of Madagascar’s decision to relinquish its role as SADC Chair due to recent political developments that have affected its capacity to fulfil the responsibilities of the position. In line with SADC’s Treaty provisions, South Africa, as the Deputy Chair, assumes interim leadership of the regional body until August 2026.

In his opening remarks at the Summit, President Ramaphosa reaffirmed the importance of regional unity and decisive leadership in addressing the challenges facing the region.

“We gather today not merely to deliberate on the agenda before us, but to reaffirm our shared commitment to the peace, stability and prosperity of our region. Our collective sense of regional solidarity at this time is our strongest currency,” President Ramaphosa said. 

He further emphasised the need for pragmatic solutions to the region’s socio-economic challenges.

“The people of our region continue to look to us for leadership that delivers the vision of a peaceful, inclusive and industrialised region, which we have set ourselves to realise in 2050. But they cannot wait for that anticipated year to fulfil their current needs,” he said.

According to the Summit communiqué, South Africa will steer SADC under the existing theme adopted in August 2025, which is ‘Advancing Industrialisation, Agricultural Transformation, and Energy Transition for a Resilient SADC’.

The SADC Secretariat will engage Member States, in line with the principle of rotation, to identify a new Incoming Chairperson (Deputy Chairperson) by 30th November 2025.

The Extraordinary Summit extended condolences to the families affected by recent unrest in Madagascar and Tanzania, and congratulated leaders in Malawi, Seychelles and Tanzania on their recent elections.

Summit participants expressed appreciation to President Ramaphosa for convening the meeting and accepting to lead the regional body. The President of Zimbabwe, Dr Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa, who served as outgoing Chair, offered to host selected SADC meetings in Zimbabwe during the interim period.

President Ramaphosa said the region must continue to act with “urgency and foresight to stabilise the present while safeguarding the future”. – SAnews.gov.za

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Civil Society unites for a just, inclusive and sustainable future

Source: Government of South Africa

Sunday, November 9, 2025

As South Africa prepares to host the 2025 G20 Summit, civil society is mobilising to ensure that the voices of ordinary people are heard at the Civil 20 (C20) South Africa Summit taking place from 12 – 14 November 2025 in Ekurhuleni. 

The Civil 20 (C20) South Africa Summit is set to bring together leaders, activists and advocates from across the globe for a key platform advancing social justice, equality and sustainable development. 

The three-day C20 Summit will feature plenaries with keynote speakers, ministers and global CSO leaders. It will also feature roundtable engagement to ensure robust debates and engagements, side events and exhibitions showcasing innovations, campaigns and community voices. 

“This landmark gathering will not only amplify Africa’s voice within the G20 framework but also reaffirm the power of civil society as a catalyst for change in an increasingly divided and unequal world,” the Government Communication and Information System said in a statement. 

Under the theme: ‘Civil Society for a Just, Inclusive, and Sustainable Future’, the C20 Summit will unite 500 participants from across the African continent and beyond to shape collective policy priorities, advocate for accountability and strengthen solidarity among global citizens.

The C20 South Africa Summit will serve as a platform for consultation, advocacy and consensus-building among civil society actors ahead of the G20 Social Summit taking place on 18 – 20 November 2025. 

The objectives of the C20 summit are as follows: 

  • Consolidate African civil society priorities into the C20 South Africa agenda.
  • Engage diverse stakeholders (NGOs, grassroots movements, academia, trade unions, faith groups and youth) in shaping recommendations.
  • Strengthen solidarity between global and local civil society in addressing interconnected crises: inequality, climate change, health, technology and gender justice.
  • Publicly unveil the C20 Policy Pack that was presented to the G20 Presidency.
  • Entertainment reflecting South Africa’s diversity and heritage.
  • Exhibitions by partners to promote the work they do and facilitate engagement with the participants. 

The summit’s expected outcomes include a consolidated C20 South Africa Policy Pack aligned with G20 priorities, strengthened global solidarity and South-South cooperation among CSOs. 

It also includes practical commitments for advocacy beyond the 2025 G20 Summit and enhanced visibility of African civil society in shaping global discourse. – SAnews.gov.za

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Spotlight on Public Employment Programmes

Source: Government of South Africa

Sunday, November 9, 2025

Deputy President Paul Mashatile has reaffirmed government’s commitment to scaling up training, accountability and pathways into real economic opportunities for participants in public employment programmes. 

The Deputy President said this while chairing the inaugural meeting of the Public Employment Programmes Inter-Ministerial Committee (PEP-IMC) on Friday. It IMC was established to strengthen coordination, oversight and impact across the country’s public employment initiatives. 

“We are pleased as the PEP-IMC that this inaugural meeting has sat today. We also reaffirm the importance of scaling up training, accountability and pathways into real economic opportunities for participants. 

“We remain steadfast in ensuring that PEPs promote impactful skills development initiatives and long-term work opportunities to the participants, who are drawn from our communities,” Mashatile said.

Chaired by the Deputy President and deputised by the Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure Dean Macpherson, the committee brings together various Ministers overseeing the implementation of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) and related initiatives.

Held virtually, the meeting discussed measures to improve the implementation of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) and strengthen collaboration among PEPs, thereby addressing the challenges of unemployment and poverty within the South African communities.

The committee also focused on improving recruitment processes, holding public bodies accountable for performance, and ensuring that training within PEPs leads to permanent employment, entrepreneurship and sustainable livelihoods.

The PEP-IMC was established by President Cyril Ramaphosa to enhance coordination and ensure that public employment programmes play a more strategic role in advancing social protection, and tackling unemployment and poverty across South Africa. – SAnews.gov.za

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La Société islamique d’assurance des investissements et des crédits à l’exportation (SIACE) et KazakhExport renouvellent leur accord de réassurance par quote-part pour 2025-2026

Source: Africa Press Organisation – French

La Société islamique d’assurance des investissements et des crédits à l’exportation (SIACE) (https://ICIEC.IsDB.org), assureur multilatéral conforme à la charia et membre du Groupe de la Banque islamique de développement (BID), et KazakhExport, l’Agence de crédit à l’exportation de la République du Kazakhstan, ont renouvelé leur accord de réassurance par quote-part pour la cinquième année consécutive, couvrant la période du 1er octobre 2025 au 30 septembre 2026.

L’accord a été signé par Dr. Khalid Khalafalla, directeur général de la SIACE, et Mme Ayan Bektybayeva, vice-présidente du conseil d’administration de KazakhExport, en marge de la 15e assemblée annuelle de l’Union AMAN, tenue du 4 au 6 novembre 2025 à Djeddah.

Ce renouvellement réaffirme le partenariat de longue date entre les deux institutions, visant à promouvoir le commerce, l’investissement et la coopération économique entre les États membres de l’Organisation de la coopération islamique (OCI).

Aux termes de cet accord, la SIACE continuera de fournir une couverture de réassurance pour la police d’assurance-crédit documentaire (DCIP) de KazakhExport, permettant ainsi à l’agence d’accroître sa capacité de souscription pour les risques liés au financement du commerce, notamment dans les secteurs à fort impact favorisant la diversification des exportations et soutenant les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME).

Ce partenariat renouvelé souligne le rôle stratégique de la SIACE dans le renforcement des capacités de gestion des risques, l’assistance technique et le transfert de connaissances aux agences de crédit à l’exportation (ACE) membres, tout en réaffirmant l’engagement du Kazakhstan à développer ses exportations hors pétrole dans le cadre institutionnel de Baiterek National Management Holding JSC.

Dr Khalid Khalafalla, directeur général de la SIACE, a déclaré : « Ce renouvellement témoigne de la solidité de notre partenariat avec KazakhExport et de notre vision commune visant à promouvoir le commerce et l’investissement dans les pays membres de l’OCI. Grâce à ce traité, la SIACE continue de fournir une réassurance et un soutien technique permettant aux agences de crédit à l’exportation membres de garantir des transactions commerciales plus importantes, plus diversifiées et plus efficaces.»

Distribué par APO Group pour Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC).

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À propos de la SIACE :
Membre du groupe de la Banque islamique de développement (BID), la SIACE a démarré ses activités en 1994 afin de renforcer les relations économiques entre les États membres de l’OCI et de promouvoir le commerce ainsi que les investissements intra-OCI en fournissant des outils d’atténuation des risques et des solutions financières. La Société est le seul assureur multilatéral islamique au monde. Elle a joué un rôle de premier plan en proposant une gamme complète de solutions aux entreprises et parties prenantes de ses 50 États membres. Pour la 18ᵉ année consécutive, la SIACE a conservé sa note de solidité financière « Aa3 » attribuée par Moody’s, la classant parmi les leaders du secteur de l’assurance crédit et des risques politiques. Par ailleurs, S&P a confirmé la note de crédit et de solidité financière à long terme « AA- » de la SIACE pour la deuxième année consécutive, avec des perspectives stables. La résilience de la SIACE repose sur une souscription solide, un réseau mondial de réassurance et des politiques rigoureuses de gestion des risques. Au total, la SIACE a assuré plus de 121 milliards de dollars de transactions commerciales et d’investissements. Ses activités couvrent plusieurs secteurs : l’énergie, l’industrie manufacturière, les infrastructures, la santé et l’agriculture.

Pour plus d’informations, veuillez visiter : https://ICIEC.IsDB.org.

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The Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC) and KazakhExport Renew Quota-Share Treaty Agreement for 2025–2026

Source: APO – Report:

The Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC) (https://ICIEC.IsDB.org), a Shariah-based multilateral insurer and member of the Islamic Development Bank Group, and KazakhExport, the Export Credit Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, have renewed their Quota-Share Treaty Reinsurance Agreement for the fifth consecutive year, covering the period from 1 October 2025 to 30 September 2026.

The agreement was signed by Dr. Khalid Khalafallah, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of ICIEC, and Mrs. Ayan Bektybayeva, Deputy Chairman of the Board of KazakhExport, on the sidelines of the 15th Annual Meeting of the AMAN Union, held from 4–6 November 2025 in Jeddah.

This renewal reaffirms the long-standing partnership between the two institutions in advancing trade, investment, and economic cooperation among Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states.

Under the agreement, ICIEC will continue to provide reinsurance coverage for KazakhExport’s Documentary Credit Insurance Policy (DCIP), enabling the agency to expand its underwriting capacity for trade-finance risks, particularly in high-impact sectors that drive export diversification and support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

The renewed partnership underscores ICIEC’s strategic role in delivering risk capacity, technical support, and knowledge transfer to member Export Credit Agencies (ECAs), while reinforcing Kazakhstan’s commitment to strengthening non-oil exports under the institutional framework of Baiterek National Managing Holding JSC.

Dr. Khalid Khalafallah, CEO of ICIEC, commented: “This renewal reflects the depth of our partnership with KazakhExport and our shared vision to advance trade and investment across OIC member countries. Through this treaty, ICIEC continues to deliver reinsurance and technical support that empower member ECAs to underwrite larger, more diversified, and more impactful trade transactions.”

– on behalf of Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC).

Media contact:
Email: ICIEC-Communication@isdb.org

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About The Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC):
As a member of the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) Group, ICIEC commenced operations in 1994 to strengthen economic relations between OIC Member States and promote intra-OIC trade and investments by providing risk mitigation tools and financial solutions. The Corporation is the only Islamic multilateral insurer in the world. It has led from the front to deliver a comprehensive suite of solutions to counterparts in its 50 Member States. ICIEC, for the 18th consecutive year, maintained an “Aa3” insurance financial strength credit rating from Moody’s, ranking the Corporation among the top of the Credit and Political Risk Insurance (CPRI) industry. Additionally, S&P has reaffirmed ‘ICIEC’s “AA-“long-term Issuer Credit and Financial Strength Rating for the second year with a stable outlook. ICIEC’s resilience is underpinned by its sound underwriting, global reinsurance network, and strong risk management policies. Cumulatively, ICIEC has insured more than USD 121 billion in trade and investment. ICIEC activities are directed to several sectors—energy, manufacturing, infrastructure, healthcare, and agriculture.

For more information, visit https://ICIEC.IsDB.org.

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NSC exams progressing smoothly at halfway mark

Source: Government of South Africa

As the 2025 National Senior Certificate (NSC) examinations reach the halfway mark, the Department of Basic Education (DBE) has reported that the overall administration of the exams continues to proceed smoothly, with stability, integrity and efficiency across all nine provinces.

More than 920 000 candidates are currently writing their final examinations at 6 800 examination centres nationwide. 

“Despite the scale and logistical complexity of this process, the vast majority of sessions have unfolded without disruption, a reflection of the strength of the DBE’s examination systems, the dedication of invigilators and educators, and the discipline shown by learners,” the department said in a statement. 

While a few isolated incidents have been reported, including limited community protests, and minor administrative and technical challenges, the department said these have been swiftly and effectively managed through established risk management and contingency measures. 

“These timely interventions continue to demonstrate the preparedness and resilience of South Africa’s examination system, which is built on firm safeguards to maintain fairness and credibility,” the department said. 

The DBE also responded to public discussions around the perceived difficulty of the 2025 Mathematics Paper 1 and Paper 2, assuring learners, parents and the public that all NSC papers are carefully designed to assess a full range of cognitive skills, in line with curriculum standards.

The department said each paper is designed to include a balanced mix of fundamental concepts and higher-order problem-solving questions.

“Importantly, the standardisation process overseen by Umalusi, the Quality Council for General and Further Education and Training, ensures that any variations in performance trends are scientifically reviewed before final results are approved. 

“Should any paper prove more challenging than expected, this process guarantees that no learner is unfairly disadvantaged. Confidence in the integrity, credibility and fairness of the examination system therefore remains well placed,” the department said. 

The department extended appreciation to learners, parents, educators, provincial teams, law enforcement agencies, municipalities, and community leaders for ensuring a peaceful and secure examination environment. 

As the exams enter their final stretch, the DBE appealed to communities to continue protecting schools as zones of learning and peace.

“Any form of protest or unrest that disrupts teaching, learning or examination activities undermines the hard work and aspirations of thousands of learners nationwide,” the DBE said. 

Learners are also encouraged to manage exam anxiety by maintaining a balanced routine, getting enough rest, eating well and taking short breaks while studying. 

“Candidates are reminded that calm focus and confidence go a long way [towards preparation, and a positive mindset remains the best tool for success,” the DBE said. 

With the continued cooperation of all South Africans, the department said it remains confident that the 2025 NSC examinations will conclude successfully, upholding the high standards and credibility that define the national education system. – SAnews.gov.za