Category: Africa

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Waste to Energy: Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) Advances Sustainable Waste Management Through Innovation

Source: APO – Report:

Effective waste management is increasingly becoming an important part of building clean, efficient and sustainable military installations.

Through Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (RSTI), the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) is developing practical solutions that transform waste from a disposal challenge into a valuable source of energy and reusable resources.

At Water Camp Cantonment, Defence National Security Industries (DNSI), under the leadership of Director General Major General Faustino Lobaly, is implementing the Defence Headquarters Camp Administration Unit (DHQ CAU) Integrated Solid Waste Management System (ISWMS). The initiative is transforming how waste is collected, processed and recovered within the installation.

Central to the system is a waste-to-energy model that integrates biogas production, recycling and resource recovery. Food waste generated from the messes is channelled into a modern biogas plant, where it is processed to produce renewable energy. The resulting biogas is compressed and stored for use at the DHQ CAU Warrant Officers and Sergeants Mess, turning everyday organic waste into a practical source of energy.

The project also incorporates a paper and plastic baler for processing non-biodegradable waste. By compacting recyclable materials, the equipment improves waste segregation and handling, facilitates recycling and reduces the volume of waste requiring final disposal.

Technical collaboration between DNSI and the Numerical Machining Complex (NMC) has further enhanced the system’s efficiency and reliability. NMC has supported the restoration of the biogas supply, rerouting of pipelines and improvement of slurry preparation. Backup shredders have also been incorporated to strengthen the processing of biodegradable waste and sustain continuity of operations.

Technology is playing an increasingly important role in the system’s development. Plans to integrate smart waste bins and Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled monitoring of the biogas digester will provide improved oversight of waste collection and processing. Automated baling systems are also expected to enhance efficiency in handling recyclable materials.

Beyond renewable energy generation, the process produces bioslurry, a nutrient-rich by-product that can be utilised as organic fertiliser. This creates a circular system in which waste generated within the installation is progressively converted into energy, recyclable materials and agricultural inputs.

The ISWMS at Water Camp demonstrates the practical application of RSTI in addressing everyday operational and environmental challenges within military establishments. It also illustrates how locally driven innovation can contribute to resource efficiency, environmental sustainability and reduced dependence on conventional energy and waste-disposal systems.

By turning waste into value, KDF is advancing a more sustainable approach to managing its installations while strengthening energy efficiency and institutional self-reliance. The initiative provides a practical model that can inform the development of similar waste-management solutions across other KDF establishments.

– on behalf of Ministry of Defence – Kenya.

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Mabe condemns violence against women

Source: Government of South Africa

Mabe condemns violence against women

Deputy Minister of Sport, Arts and Culture Peace Mabe has strongly condemned the continuing violence against women following the discovery of several women’s bodies in and around Kempton Park and other parts of Ekurhuleni.

The Deputy Minister’s remarks came after police discovered the body of a ninth woman on Thursday, 17 September 2026, in Dawn Park, Boksburg. This followed the discovery of eight bodies in Ekurhuleni over the past two months.

“The responsibility for ending gender-based violence and femicide (GBVF) cannot be placed on women by constantly telling them where they should or should not go. We must confront the perpetrators and the conditions that allow violence against women to continue. Men must become active partners in challenging harmful behaviour, reporting abuse and protecting the dignity and safety of women and children,” the Deputy Minister said in a statement on Saturday.

She said the incidents represent a devastating attack on women’s rights to life, dignity and freedom of movement.

Mabe noted that the recent killing of Elizabeth “Tsontso” Moselakgomo, a mother and member of the running community, along with the discovery of other women’s bodies in the area, has caused widespread fear, anger and grief.

“No woman should fear that going for a run, walking to work, being at home in her safe space, going to a mall, moving through her community or simply going on a date could cost her life. Women have the right to participate in sport, exercise outdoors and occupy public spaces without fear of being attacked or killed,” the Deputy Minister said.

She extended her heartfelt condolences to the families and loved ones of all the women whose lives have been taken by GBVF.

The Deputy Minister said she stands in solidarity with the running community; civil society organisations, non-profit organisations and non-governmental organisations working in the justice, gender and women’s rights, and GBVF sectors; residents of Ekurhuleni; and the broader public demanding justice and safer communities for women.

Mabe welcomed the prioritisation of investigations by law-enforcement authorities and called for all necessary resources to be deployed to establish the circumstances surrounding the killings and bring those responsible to justice.

She encouraged communities to share any information that may assist the police.

“We cannot become accustomed to the killing of women. Every victim has a name, a family, dreams and a future. Their lives matter. Justice must be pursued without fear or favour, and our collective response must demonstrate that there is no place for violence against women in South Africa,” Mabe said. –SAnews.gov.za

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Kenya: Force Intervention Brigade (FIB) Commander Applauds Peace Efforts in Mambasa

Source: APO

For more than a month of static combat deployment in Mambasa Territory, Ituri Province, Kenya’s 5th Quick Reaction Force (KENQRF 5) has supported MONUSCO’s protection of civilians mandate through sustained operational readiness, visible presence and community engagement aimed at strengthening confidence among local communities.

The Commander Force Intervention Brigade (FIB), Brigadier General Alexander Masangura, visited the contingent in Mambasa, where he commended the troops for their professionalism, dedication to duty and contribution to peace and stability in the area.

Brigadier General Masangura noted that the contingent’s presence and continued engagement with local communities had helped reassure residents and strengthen confidence in ongoing security and peacekeeping efforts. He encouraged the troops to maintain high standards of discipline, vigilance and operational readiness as they continue executing their mandate.

The command visit coincided with a KENQRF 5 community engagement initiative at Bavalakaniki football ground on the outskirts of Mambasa. During the activity, the troops installed goalposts and donated sports kits to provide young people with opportunities for constructive engagement through sport.

Brigadier General Masangura encouraged the youth to play an active role in promoting peace within their communities by remaining vigilant and reporting potential security threats to the relevant authorities to facilitate timely response.

KENQRF 5 also supported the Muslim community in Bavalakaniki through the donation of construction materials for Masjid Taqwa Mosque. Construction of the mosque began eight years ago but had stalled, affecting the community’s efforts to complete an important place of worship.

The FIB Commander welcomed the initiative, noting that community-focused activities complement security operations by addressing local needs, strengthening relationships and supporting the well-being and resilience of communities within the mission area.

The visit highlighted the complementary relationship between operational effectiveness and community engagement in the protection of civilians. While KENQRF 5 maintains a security presence in Mambasa, its interaction with residents provides an important avenue for building trust, understanding local concerns and strengthening cooperation.

Through sustained operational readiness and targeted community initiatives, KENQRF 5 continues to contribute to MONUSCO’s efforts to protect civilians, strengthen community resilience and create conditions conducive to lasting peace and stability in Mambasa.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Ministry of Defence – Kenya.

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Social Development urges vigilance as GBV command centre calls surge

Source: Government of South Africa

Social Development urges vigilance as GBV command centre calls surge

The Department of Social Development has issued an urgent plea to communities nationwide, urging citizens not to look away and to maintain vigilance in reporting incidents of Gender-Based Violence and Femicide (GBVF). 

This comes as the 24-hour Gender-Based Violence Command Centre (GBVCC) recorded a significant increase in the number of calls between 1 and 16 September 2026.

“Preliminary statistics reveal that between 1 and 16 September this year, the GBV Command Centre received 6 782 calls, averaging 424 calls per day. This represents a 21% increase compared with the same period in August, when the Centre recorded an average of 350 calls per day.

“A significant increase in calls was recorded between 13 and 16 September 2026, when daily calls rose to approximately 500, compared with an average of 399 calls per day during the first 12 days of September. On 16 September, the Command Centre received 589 calls, the highest daily number recorded during the period under review,” the department said.

The increase is linked to heightened awareness following the discovery of the bodies of nine women in Ekurhuleni. 

“These incidents have further intensified calls for urgent and coordinated action to address GBVF. While the preliminary figures indicate increased demand for the GBV Command Centre’s services, further monitoring and analysis are required to determine whether this represents a sustained trend in GBV-related incidents and calls for assistance.

“Gender-based violence remains a societal challenge that requires all sectors of society, including government departments, the private sector, partners and stakeholders to work together in the fight against this scourge,” the department noted. 

Communities are urged to report any GBVF incidents and speak out against abuse and actively share the GBV Command Centre’s contact details with family members, friends and neighbours.

“Everyone has a role to play in ensuring that survivors know where to seek help and that no one suffers in silence. The public is encouraged to take an active role in addressing GBVF in their homes, places of worship, communities and workplaces.

“This includes challenging cultures, attitudes and practices that perpetuate gender inequality and the abuse of vulnerable women, children, older persons and persons with disabilities, both at personal and societal level,” the department urged.

Members of the public can report GBV incidents and access support by contacting the Gender-Based Violence Command Centre on 0800 428 428.

The GBV Command Centre can also be reached by sending a Please Call Me to 1207867#, SMSing “HELP” to 31531, or contacting Skype: Helpme GBV. – SAnews.gov.za

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Burkina Faso : Suivi de la campagne agropastorale 2026-2027 : des échanges francs et constructifs entre le Ministre d’État Ismaël SOMBIÉ et les forces vives du monde rural du Kouritenga

Source: Africa Press Organisation – French

Le Ministre d’État, Ministre de l’Agriculture, de l’Eau, des Ressources animales et halieutiques, le Camarade Commandant Ismaël SOMBIÉ, a échangé avec les forces vives du monde rural de la province du Kouritenga, à Koupéla, dans la région du Nakambé, dans le cadre de sa tournée de suivi de la campagne agropastorale 2026-2027.

Cette rencontre a offert un cadre d’écoute directe et de dialogue avec les producteurs, éleveurs, pêcheurs, transformateurs, maraîchers, producteurs semenciers et autres acteurs des différentes chaînes de valeur. Elle a permis au Ministre d’État de recueillir les difficultés rencontrées sur le terrain, mais aussi les propositions formulées par les acteurs pour améliorer durablement la production et la commercialisation des produits agropastoraux.

À travers ces échanges francs et constructifs, le Chef du Département en charge de l’Agriculture, de l’Eau, des Ressources animales et halieutiques a également relayé le message du Camarade Président du Faso, le Capitaine Ibrahim TRAORÉ, ainsi que sa vision pour un monde rural plus productif, résilient et capable de contribuer pleinement à la souveraineté alimentaire du Burkina Faso.

Des préoccupations diversifiées, des réponses attendues

Dans le domaine de l’élevage et de la production de viande, les acteurs ont sollicité un renforcement de l’appui en aliments pour bétail et l’aménagement d’espaces dédiés à l’embouche.

Les acteurs de l’eau ont, pour leur part, insisté sur la nécessité de poursuivre le curage des barrages et de mieux protéger ces retenues contre certaines activités humaines, notamment le maraîchage qui peut compromettre leur capacité de stockage et leur durabilité.

Sur le volet environnemental, les échanges ont porté sur la disponibilité des semences forestières, la survie des plants après leur mise en terre et la gestion de la fumure organique, notamment les difficultés liées à son écoulement.

Les ferrailleurs ont évoqué les difficultés liées à l’obtention des autorisations d’exportation de la ferraille, tandis que les producteurs semenciers ont salué les efforts engagés pour l’enlèvement de leurs productions, à hauteur de 20 000 tonnes par an. Ils ont toutefois souhaité un renforcement de l’appui en équipements, notamment en motoculteurs et en batteuses-vaneuses, ainsi qu’une meilleure disponibilité des semences dans les différents espaces de vente. Ils ont également soulevé la nécessité de renforcer les infrastructures de stockage.

Production végétale : renforcer les équipements, les intrants et la commercialisation

Pour les producteurs de riz, de maïs, de blé, d’arachide et de manioc, les préoccupations concernent principalement l’accès aux équipements et aux intrants, la disponibilité de l’eau et l’amélioration des conditions de commercialisation.

Les acteurs ont notamment plaidé pour la réalisation de forages à gros débit, la réhabilitation des plaines aménagées et la sécurisation des espaces de production. La délimitation de la plaine de Itengué, aujourd’hui confrontée à l’extension de la ville, a également été évoquée.

Concernant l’arachide, les producteurs ont insisté sur la nécessité de renforcer la lutte contre l’aflatoxine et l’utilisation des pesticides non homologués. Ils ont également souhaité une meilleure prise en compte des réalités du marché, notamment à travers une réflexion sur les prix pratiqués en dehors des mécanismes d’achat de la SONAGESS.

Maraîchage : sécuriser l’eau et améliorer l’accès aux intrants

Les maraîchers ont placé la disponibilité de l’eau au cœur de leurs préoccupations. Ils ont demandé davantage de forages, d’équipements et d’aménagements pour sécuriser leurs activités.

Ils ont également sollicité un accompagnement dans la lutte contre les attaques qui affectent leurs productions, ainsi qu’un accès renforcé aux semences certifiées et améliorées. La disponibilité tardive des semences constitue, selon eux, un obstacle à la bonne conduite des campagnes.

La question de l’écoulement des productions a aussi été soulevée, notamment dans le contexte des mesures prises sur les exportations.

Transformation : renforcer les capacités et ouvrir davantage les marchés

Les transformateurs et transformatrices de maïs, de riz, d’arachide et d’attiéké ont fait part de leurs difficultés à écouler leurs produits. Ils ont notamment proposé de renforcer l’intégration des produits transformés locaux dans les circuits d’approvisionnement des cantines scolaires.

Ils ont également sollicité un appui en équipements, notamment en matériel inox, en unités de transformation et en infrastructures de stockage. Le coût élevé de la certification des produits constitue une autre difficulté à laquelle ils souhaitent voir apporter des solutions.

Les acteurs ont par ailleurs exprimé des besoins en formation sur le marketing, la vente en ligne et la valorisation commerciale de leurs produits. Des voyages d’étude ont également été proposés afin de permettre le partage d’expériences avec d’autres acteurs du secteur.

La question de la disponibilité et de l’utilisation des forages par les unités de transformation a également été soulevée, notamment au regard de la réquisition de certains ouvrages.

Aviculture : renforcer l’offre locale en poussins et en aliments

Dans la filière avicole, les acteurs ont évoqué les difficultés liées à la disponibilité des poussins et des aliments. Ils ont souhaité rapprocher davantage les aliments produits par Faso Guulgo des zones de production et favoriser la mise en place de couvoirs à l’échelle régionale.

L’accès au financement demeure également une préoccupation majeure pour les promoteurs, qui souhaitent bénéficier de mécanismes adaptés au développement de leurs activités.

Produits forestiers non ligneux : améliorer l’accès à l’eau et aux marchés

Les acteurs des produits forestiers non ligneux, notamment du miel, du karité et du soumbala, ont insisté sur la nécessité de sécuriser l’accès à l’eau et de faciliter l’écoulement de leurs produits.

Ils ont notamment proposé de renforcer l’accès des produits locaux aux marchés institutionnels, en particulier aux cantines scolaires. Des voyages d’étude figurent également parmi leurs attentes pour renforcer leurs compétences et favoriser le partage d’expériences.

Production laitière : sécuriser l’alimentation et les points d’eau

Les producteurs laitiers ont, quant à eux, insisté sur la disponibilité des aliments pour le bétail et des fourrages. Ils ont également demandé un renforcement des points d’eau dans les zones pastorales, ainsi qu’un appui en équipements pour améliorer leurs conditions de production.

Pisciculture : réduire le coût des aliments et diversifier les espèces

Dans la filière poisson, les acteurs ont attiré l’attention sur le coût élevé des aliments pour poissons. Ils ont également exprimé des besoins en formation technique dans le domaine de la pisciculture.

La diversification des espèces élevées a été proposée, avec la recherche d’espèces présentant un potentiel de croissance rapide et adaptées aux conditions locales.

À travers cette rencontre, le Ministre d’État Ismaël SOMBIÉ a privilégié le dialogue direct avec les acteurs de terrain. Les préoccupations exprimées constituent autant d’éléments d’appréciation pour renforcer les interventions publiques et mieux orienter les actions en faveur du monde rural.

Cette démarche traduit la volonté de rapprocher davantage l’action du ministère des réalités vécues par les producteurs et de faire de leurs expériences, contraintes et propositions des leviers pour accélérer la transformation du secteur agropastoral.

Distribué par APO Group pour Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Eau, des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques – Burkina Faso.

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Burkina Faso : Communication gouvernementale : les nouveaux Directeurs Production et Communication du Service d’Information du Gouvernement (SIG) installés dans leurs fonctions

Source: Africa Press Organisation – French


Le Coordonnateur du Service d’Information du Gouvernement (SIG), le camarade Simplice BARO a installé les nouveaux Directeurs Production et Communication du SIG, le vendredi 18 septembre 2026 à Ouagadougou. Les camarades Souleymane DIALLO et Georgette DARGA, en prenant officiellement fonction, ont traduit leur reconnaissance aux plus hautes autorités et assuré de leur engagement à assumer ces fonctions avec responsabilité. 

Cette installation intervient quelques jours après leur nomination en Conseil des Ministres du 10 septembre 2026 et marque ainsi leur prise de fonction officielle pour contribuer à la mise en œuvre des missions du SIG dans leurs domaines respectifs. Les camarades Souleymane DIALLO et Georgette DARGA étaient respectivement Directeur Communication et Chef de service Production et rapport au SIG. « Les personnes que nous installons ce matin ne sont pas des personnes étrangères à vos yeux. C’est au regard de leurs expériences et d’un certain nombre de critères qu’elles ont été choisies pour mener à destination le navire SIG », a indiqué le camarade Coordonnateur du SIG, Simplice BARO. 

Après leur installation par le camarade Coordonnateur, les nouveaux Directeurs ont rappelé l’importance des missions à eux assignées. « Cette cérémonie constitue pour nous bien plus qu’une formalité administrative. Elle marque une nouvelle étape dans nos parcours professionnels, mais elle traduit surtout une nouvelle responsabilité au service de notre institution et au-delà du service de la nation ». Ils ont exprimé leur reconnaissance aux plus hautes autorités de notre pays pour la confiance placée en leurs personnes, une confiance dont ils mesurent la portée, car une nomination n’est pas une distinction mais plutôt une exigence qui oblige et qui engage. « Lorsque l’on travaille au SIG, il faut avoir conscience que notre travail ne se résume pas à produire des textes, des images, des vidéos ou des émissions. Nous participons à construire une mémoire de l’action publique. Nous contribuons à rendre compte, nous contribuons à expliquer, nous contribuons à rapprocher l’Etat du citoyen », a indiqué le nouveau Directeur Production, le camarade Souleymane DIALLO. 

Ils ont sollicité l’engagement et l’accompagnement de tous les collaborateurs pour faire avancer le SIG et relever les défis de la communication gouvernementale. Le Coordonnateur du SIG a souligné que « chacun dans son poste de travail est appelé à être comptable de l’action gouvernementale. Être comptable de l’action gouvernementale c’est d’abord répondre aux exigences qui nous incombent au niveau du SIG et c’est ensemble que nous allons réussir ». Il a remercié les nouveaux Directeurs pour avoir accepté cette nouvelle charge professionnelle et les a rassurés de son accompagnement constant. 

Distribué par APO Group pour Gouvernement du Burkina Faso.

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Madlanga Commission final report deadline extended to January

Source: Government of South Africa

Madlanga Commission final report deadline extended to January

President Cyril Ramaphosa has granted the Madlanga Commission a final extension to submit its final report.

The new deadline has been moved from 16 November 2026 to 25 January 2027.

“The new deadline allows the Commission to process additional evidence, including the testimony of various experts who have made recommendations relating to the Commission’s terms of reference.

“President Ramaphosa once again expresses his deepest appreciation for the work conducted by the Commission as well as for the manner in which law enforcement agencies are following up on testimony emerging from Commission hearings,” the Presidency said in a short statement.

Commission spokesperson Jeremy Michaels welcomed the final extension of the Commission’s deadline.

“This extension to 25 January 2027 will allow the Commission to hear outstanding testimony and write the Final Report,” Michaels said.

The Commission has submitted two interim reports to the President so far.

The President established the commission to investigate the alleged infiltration of South Africa’s law enforcement and intelligence agencies, prosecution service, the judiciary, and correctional services. – SAnews.gov.za

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Drug trafficking suspect arrested at OR Tambo airport

Source: Government of South Africa

Drug trafficking suspect arrested at OR Tambo airport

Police, in partnership with the Border Management Authority (BMA), have arrested a 52-year-old man at the OR Tambo International Airport on suspicion of drug trafficking.

The man was arrested on Sunday, and drugs, suspected to be heroin, worth an estimated R2 million, were seized following an intelligence-led operation. 

“The latest arrest brings the total number of suspected drug mules arrested at this port of entry to three in the past three weeks. 

“The 52-year-old South African national had just arrived on a flight from Accra, Ghana, when police intercepted him at the airport on Sunday, 20 September 2026. A search of the suspect’s luggage led police to uncover bullet-like objects and blocks containing substances suspected to be heroin,” a police statement read.

The man is expected to appear in the Kempton Park Magistrates’ Court later this week to face drug trafficking-related charges.

“The South African Police Service continues to intensify its efforts to dismantle and dislodge drug trafficking syndicates through ongoing intelligence-led and targeted operations,” the statement read. – SAnews.gov.za

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United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) Korean peacekeepers build community resilience through new vocational training programme

Source: APO

 A new vocational training programme in Bor is giving 80 young South Sudanese the chance to acquire practical skills to help them earn incomes, build small businesses, and support their families.

The programme provided by the Republic of Korea’s Hanbit Unit, serving with the United Nations Mission in South Sudan, will run for three months at the Dr. John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology.

The trainees will learn carpentry, electrical work, plumbing, agriculture and poultry farming, with the focus on hands-on skills that can be applied immediately after graduation.

For many of the trainees, these new skills are key to becoming self-reliant.

“Once I get my new electrical skills, I will be able to depend on myself,” explained Othow Omot. “I have seen successful people emerging from this training centre, and I am inspired to be like them.”

For another trainee, plumbing offers an opportunity to respond to the growing need for water and sanitation services in Bor and elsewhere in Jonglei State.

“I chose to be a plumber for myself and for the benefit of our community. I want to be self-reliant. Since we have an urban water system in Jonglei State, I want to be one of the people connecting the pipes.”

Other trainees are looking to agriculture and poultry farming as pathways to self-employment and food production.

“In our country we should prioritize food production. The more food we produce, the more prosperous we become, and there will be fewer cases of cattle raiding, and communities fighting,” said student Ajang Abraham.

The Hanbit vocational programme has trained 862 people since it began in 2015.

Graduates have acquired skills in other areas such as bakery and masonry. Some former trainees have secured employment with the United Nations and local businesses, while others have started small enterprises.

University Vice-Chancellor Abraham Matoc Dhal said the institution appreciates the support from the Republic of Korea.

“Dr. John Garang provided the necessary land for the operation of the vocational school,” explained University Vice-Chancellor, Abraham Matoc Dhal. “South Korea has done so much to support us. We know it and the Government knows it.”

For UNMISS, vocational training can also contribute to wider community resilience.

UNMISS Head of Field Office, Geetha Pious, encouraged the trainees to use the skills they acquire to create opportunities for themselves rather than waiting for formal employment.

“Study well, use it, and start your own businesses or create your own jobs. Don’t wait for somebody to offer you a job. Every big organization starts from small.”

The Commander of the Hanbit Unit, Colonel Joang-Dae Lee, said the programme is intended to support both individual development and the wider Jonglei State economy.

“The Hanbit Vocational Training School is more than simply a place of learning. It is a place of hope where you can build the skills, confidence and opportunities needed to pursue your dreams and shape your future.”

For the 80 trainees, the next three months are about more than learning a trade.

It’s about securing a pathway to employment, self-employment and income generation.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS).

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Eritrea: Music concert marking Golden Jubilee of Revolution School

Source: APO

 A music concert marking the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Revolution School was held yesterday, 18 September, at Bahti Meskerem Square in Asmara. The program, organized in collaboration with the Commission of Culture and Sports and the National Holidays Coordinating Committee, was broadcast live by Eritrean Television.

Mr. Zerit Tewoldebrhan, Managing Director of the Central Region, said that the establishment of the Revolution School was one of the EPLF’s significant initiatives during the struggle for independence.

During the program, which lasted about two hours, veteran and young artists performed songs originally presented by members of the Revolution School and Red Flowers during the armed struggle.

Concert participants said that, beyond reviving memories of the past, the program was important in passing on the history of the Eritrean people and the hardships they endured to future generations. They also called for such programs to continue in an organized manner.

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Ministry of Information, Eritrea.

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